“山-水”“山-池-宅”“山-湖-城”——空性、气韵之于绘画、园林与城市

"Mountain-Water", "Mountain-Pool-Hall", and "Mountain-Lake-City": The Resonance of Void and VitalRhythm in Chinese Paintings, Gardens, and Cityscapes

关键词:  风景园林  空性  山水精神  气韵生动  中国绘画  中国园林  城市营建

Key words:  landscape architecture  void  landscape spirit  spirit resonance  Chinese painting  Chinese garden  urban construction

摘要:

探讨了“空性”与“气韵生动”在中国传统绘画、园林及城市营建中的作用。分析了山水画中“留白”“藏露”等手法，揭示其如何借由虚实相生构建 无限意境，并进一步阐释这一美学思想如何影响中国园林的“山-池-宅”结构，形成虚实互映、动静结合的空间韵律与空灵氛围；通过研究中国传统园林的基本 布局形式，以南宁采石场改造为例，说明传统“空性”智慧在当代园林中的延续与创新；从杭州西湖、济南大明湖等案例出发，论证了传统营城智慧如何以“自 然留白”平衡城市功能与生态，塑造“山-湖-城”一体格局与空灵气韵。中国艺术的“空性”不仅是形式美学，更是一种宇宙观与生命哲学的体现，为当代规划 与场所营建提供了文化内核与方法论启示，强调在现代化进程中需回归山水精神，以实现文明复兴与空间实践的深度融合。

Abstract:

This paper explores the pivotal role of "void" and "spirit resonance and vitality" in traditional Chinese painting, garden design, and urban construction, as well as their modern reinterpretation. By analyzing techniques such as "blankleaving" and "concealment-revelation" in landscape painting, it reveals how the interplay of void and substance constructs boundless artistic conception. Furthermore, it elucidates how this aesthetic philosophy influences the "mountainpool- hall" structure in Chinese gardens, creating a spatial rhythm that balances void and substance, movement and stillness. Through case studies, including the transformation of Nanning Quarry, the study demonstrates the continuity and innovation of traditional "void" wisdom in contemporary landscape design. Examples such as Hangzhou's West Lake and Jinan's Daming Lake illustrate how traditional urban planning wisdom employs "natural blank-leaving" to harmonize urban functionality and ecology, shaping an integrated "mountain-lake-city" framework. The "void" in Chinese art is not merely a formal aesthetic but embodies a cosmological and life philosophy, offering cultural and methodological insights for modern landscape design. It emphasizes the need to return to the "harmony between heaven and humanity" spirit in the process of modernization, achieving a profound integration of cultural revival and spatial practice.