西南地区传统村落景观环境解析及潜在分布预测

landscape architecture; national landscape; landscape feature; distribution prediction; traditional village; southwest region

关键词:  风景园林  国土景观  景观环境特征  分布预测  传统村落  西南地区

Key words:  landscape architecture  national landscape  landscape feature  distribution prediction  traditional village  southwest region

摘要:

传统村落作为人地关系和谐共生的有机体，是国土景观多样性的重要构成，需要在自然与文化的视野下对其有整体的认识。将传统村落类比“物种”，应用最大熵模型在区域及省域尺度上从自然环境、历史文化和社会经济3个维度18个因子详细解析西南地区2 097个传统村落的景观环境特征，并对潜在传统村落分布进行了预测。结果显示：西南地区传统村落为集聚型分布特征，6个高密度集聚区均在一般性村落的中低密度区形成；历史文化要素是影响西南三省一市传统村落景观环境的主导性因子，但各自主导因子数量及解释力各异，总体表明传统村落对西南地区文化景观多样性及非遗传承保护意义重大；各省市传统村落景观环境要素特征具有深刻的地域烙印，表现为各具特色的自然、文化、经济复合体；预测显示6 205个村落为高概率传统村落，占现有一般村落的6.59%。研究结果可为传统村落保护利用的地域模式及差异化对策提供理论支持，并为传统村落的针对性深度挖掘提供现实依据

Abstract:

Traditional villages, as organic entities embodying the harmonious coexistence of humans and the environment, contain diverse historical, cultural, and local landscape features within specific regions. They are an important component of the diversity of national landscapes and require a holistic understanding from the perspectives of nature and culture. From a historical perspective, agriculture and rural areas have nurtured Chinese society. In the current transition from a rural-based China to an urban-rural China, globalization and modernization have historically disrupted the development model of rural regions, which was traditionally determined by human-land relationships. This has led to a prolonged decline in rural landscapes. From 2022 to 2024, China's "No. 1 Central Document" explicitly called for the "demonstration of centralized and contiguous conservation and utilization of traditional villages" for three consecutive years. In response to the current challenges in preserving and developing traditional villages, as well as national strategic priorities, it is essential to interpret the natural and socio-cultural characteristics of these villages, identify and enhance their local distinctiveness and multidimensional values, and foster new urban-rural relations by discovering and creating new value in rural areas. This approach is crucial for achieving sustainable and harmonious development between humans and nature. Due to complex environmental influences, the mechanisms through which various landscape factors affect the spatial distribution of traditional villages - and the resulting environmental features - remain inadequately studied. Further exploration is needed to understand how traditional villages respond to landscape factors across different regions and scales. Southwest China (including Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guizhou) is a geographically contiguous and culturally interconnected region. Characterized by complex terrain and diverse ethnic cultures, it has given rise to numerous traditional villages with distinctive regional features. These villages reflect rich human-land interactions and cultural landscapes, making them highly representative. To date, 2,097 villages across six batches from this region have been listed as national-level traditional villages, accounting for 25.71% of the country's total. By analogizing traditional villages to "species", the MaxEnt model was applied to analyze the landscape environmental characteristics of 2,097 traditional villages in Southwest China at the regional and provincial scales from 18 factors in 3 dimensions of natural environment, historical culture, and socio-economic factors. For the first time, the potential distribution of traditional villages has been predicted. Research has found that traditional villages in the southwestern region exhibit a clustered distribution pattern, with six high-density clusters forming in the middle and low-density areas of general villages; The historical and cultural elements are the dominant factors affecting the distribution of traditional villages in the three provinces and one city of Southwest China, but the number and explanatory power of each dominant factor are different. Overall, it indicates that traditional villages have significant significance for the diversity of Southwest cultural landscapes and the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage; The landscape environmental elements of traditional villages in various provinces and cities have profound regional imprints, manifested as unique natural, cultural, and economic complexes; The prediction shows that 6,205 villages are high probability traditional one, accounting for 6.59% of the existing general villages. This study comprehensively analyzes the landscape environmental characteristics of traditional villages in the southwest region and identifies potential distribution areas. It can provide theoretical support for regional models and differentiated strategies for the protection and utilization of traditional villages, and provide the practical basis for targeted deep excavation of traditional villages.