全球视野下乡村韧性水管理智慧的传统实践与创新路径

Traditional Practices and Innovations of Rural Resilient Water Management Wisdom from the Global Perspective

关键词:  风景园林  乡村人居环境  农业景观  社会-生态系统韧性  水管理  生态智慧

Key words:  landscape architecture  rural human settlements  agricultural landscapes  social-ecological system resilience  water management  ecological wisdom

摘要:

乡村作为人类长期营建的生产与生活空间，始终依赖水资源维系生计安全与文化延续。以全球视野梳理了5类典型的乡村韧性水管理模式，包括梯田林渠耦合模式、多级塘坝调蓄模式、低地圩田与浮床农业模式、水塘耕养循环模式以及地下引水与绿洲共治模式，揭示其在生态适应性、多功能性与组织协同性上的共性逻辑与地域差异。传统水管理智慧不仅支撑了乡村社会-生态系统的持久韧性，其影响亦超越农业范畴，推动城镇的兴起与繁荣，塑造园林营造的审美取向，并在地域文化中留下深刻印记。乡村韧性水管理智慧不仅是宝贵的历史遗产，更能依托前沿技术与治理创新展现出新的价值。通过系统性认知与创造性转化，规划与设计实践者能够将其融入城乡生态修复、蓝绿空间提升与气候适应路径，推动未来人居环境的可持续营建。

Abstract:

Water has always been a core element in sustaining rural socialecological systems. Its management and regulation are not only essential for agricultural production and the safety of rural livelihoods, but also directly influence ecological stability and the continuity of cultural traditions. Across the globe, traditional rural societies - facing long-term challenges such as climate variability, floods, and droughts - have gradually accumulated rich and adaptive wisdom in water management. These practices embody the human capacity to "adapt to local conditions and learn from nature", and have played a decisive role in the rise and fall of civilizations as well as the transformation of ecological landscapes. From a global perspective, this paper identifies five representative modes of traditional wisdom in resilient rural water management. 1) Mountain terraced water circulation systems respond to steep, high-rainfall mountain environments. By integrating forest conservation, bund-based water retention, and gravity-fed channels, they establish multi-layered vertical water cycles that sustain long-term cultivation. A typical example is the Ziquejie Terraces in China. 2) Multi-level weirs and dams for flood retention address flash floods and sediment hazards in monsoon regions. Cascades of small reservoirs intercept runoff, trap sediment, and slow down floodwaters, while often being combined with agroforestry to achieve both disaster mitigation and agricultural productivity. 3) Lowland polder fields and floating agriculture adapt to high-water environments in lakes and river deltas. Through embankment construction and floating beds, communities secure sustainable cultivation under fluctuating water levels. Typical examples include the Duotian polderisland systems of the Jiangnan region and floating agriculture system in Bangladesh. 4) Fish-pond–based integrated agro-aquatic systems emerge in water-abundant plains. By linking aquaculture, irrigation, and farmland use, they create multifunctional, circular systems that simultaneously provide food production, water regulation, and ecological resilience. The mulberryfish pond system in Huzhou, China, is a representative case. 5) Subterranean water diversion and oasis co-management systems are designed for arid and semi-arid regions. Underground qanat structures, combined with strict waterrights institutions, enable precise and equitable distribution of scarce water resources, supporting oasis agriculture and settlement sustainability. Despite their geographical and cultural diversity, these modes share a common logic characterized by ecological embeddedness, multifunctionality, organizational coordination, and adaptive capacity. The significance of traditional water management extends far beyond rural livelihoods. Its external influences have deeply shaped the emergence of towns, the formation of urban landscapes, and the construction of cultural identity. The qanat systems, for instance, not only supported the prosperity of desert cities such as Kashan, but also determined their early spatial structure and architectural morphology. In the Jiangnan region, polders and Duotian fields sustained agricultural productivity while structuring a dense network of canals and bridges that became the backbone of urban transport and commerce. In the realm of landscape art, the design logic of classical Jiangnan gardens drew direct inspiration from the agricultural water-network, translating productive landscapes into aesthetic ones. Moreover, the Subak system in Bali integrates water temples and terraced rice landscapes, transforming governance principles into symbolic public culture. Similarly, the Water Tribunal of Valencia in Spain institutionalizes traditional irrigation governance in the form of public adjudication in urban plazas, preserving the cultural legacy of rural water management within civic life. In the Andean highlands, the revival of ancient wetland systems reveals the deep entanglement between water, collective memory, and artistic or mythological narratives. In sum, the traditional wisdom of resilient rural water management is not merely a precious historical heritage, but also a strategic resource that can continue to evolve and be transformed into contemporary contexts. In the processes of rural-urban integration, human-settlement reconstruction, and climate adaptation, its value deserves renewed recognition and activation. Through systematic understanding and creative transformation, planners and designers can integrate such traditional ecological knowledge with modern technologies and innovative governance, thereby advancing ecological restoration, blue-green infrastructure enhancement, and the sustainable construction of future living environments.