从“适儿设施”到“育儿场景”——儿童友好视角下的城市儿童户外游憩空间体系的构建 探索

From "Child-friendly Facilities" to "Parenting Scenarios": Exploring the Construction of Urban OutdoorRecreation Space Systems from the Child-friendly Perspective

关键词:  风景园林  儿童友好  城市户外游憩空间体系  儿童心理  空间体系  育儿场景

Key words:  landscape architecture  child-friendly  urban outdoor recreation space system  child psychology  spatial system  parenting scenarios

摘要:

城市户外游憩空间体系是儿童友好城市建设的核心载体，是中国儿童健康成长的关键。然而，当前我国城市户外游憩空间体系的科学构建面临诸多挑 战，包括规划布局不均衡、空间品质与育儿需求不匹配以及配套保障机制不健全等问题。如何有效转变城市儿童户外游憩空间体系的设计理念，从“适儿设施” 向“育儿场景”转化，适应儿童多维成长需求的空间设计策略亟须深入研究。以儿童认知发展理论和行为心理学为基础，提出契合城市空间层级及儿童段龄标准 的分级分类布局方式，以及综合游戏、自然感知、社交情感、运动发展及创意建构5类“育儿场景”配置策略，并针对我国儿童友好的可持续发展需求，提出融入 公共参与的儿童友好空间体系保障治理机制培育方式。研究有效回应了我国儿童城市户外游憩空间体系的现状问题与主体诉求，对我国城市儿童户外游憩空间的 高质量发展具有重要参考价值。

Abstract:

The urban outdoor recreation space system serves as the fundamental infrastructure and primary vehicle for advancing child-friendly city initiatives in China, playing a pivotal role in ensuring the comprehensive physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of the nation's children. These spaces are not merely physical environments but crucial developmental ecosystems that influence children's well-being, learning capacities, and social integration. However, the current state of China's urban outdoor recreation spaces reveals significant systemic challenges that hinder their potential effectiveness. Chief among these are spatial planning imbalances that create inequitable access across different urban districts, a fundamental mismatch between existing space designs and contemporary child-rearing needs, and inadequate institutional support mechanisms encompassing policy frameworks, funding models, and operational governance structures. These challenges collectively highlight the urgent need for a paradigm shift in design philosophy - from the traditional approach of providing isolated "child-adapted facilities" to creating integrated "parenting scenarios" that holistically address children's developmental needs across different age groups and growth dimensions. This study establishes its theoretical foundation on an interdisciplinary synthesis of child cognitive development theories and behavioral psychology, creating a robust framework for understanding how spatial environments influence childhood development. Building upon this foundation, the research introduces an innovative hierarchical classification system that aligns with both urban spatial structures (from neighborhood-level spaces to district-level recreational hubs) and age-specific developmental benchmarks (categorized into 0-3 years, 3-6 years, 6-12 years, and 12+ years). This dual-alignment approach enables precise environmental design tailored to children's evolving needs while optimizing urban land use efficiency. The study's primary contribution lies in its development of a comprehensive five-dimensional "parenting scenario" strategy that transforms conventional playgrounds into dynamic developmental environments. These scenarios include: 1) Play scenarios that balance structured equipment with natural elements to stimulate creativity and problem-solving; 2) Nature interaction scenarios that incorporate biophilic design principles to foster environmental awareness; 3) Social-emotional scenarios that facilitate peer interaction and emotional development; 4) Physical development scenarios that provide graduated challenges to enhance motor skills; and 5) Creative construction scenarios that offer open-ended materials to encourage innovation and STEM learning. To ensure the long-term sustainability of these spaces, the study proposes a participatory governance model that engages multiple stakeholders - children, parents, educators, urban planners, and policymakersin the co-design, implementation, and maintenance processes. This model emphasizes collaborative planning, cross-sector partnerships, sustainable funding mechanisms, and continuous evaluation systems to assess both usage patterns and developmental outcomes. The research findings provide actionable solutions to the systemic challenges facing China's urban outdoor recreation spaces while contributing to the global discourse on child-friendly urban design. By bridging theory with practice, the study offers urban planners and policymakers an evidence-based toolkit for creating next-generation child development environments. Furthermore, it demonstrates how well-designed recreation spaces can yield broader societal benefits, including enhanced community cohesion, improved public health, and greater urban livability. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights for China's ongoing urbanization process, offering scalable solutions adaptable to diverse urban contexts. The proposed strategies not only address immediate spatial deficiencies but also establish long-term institutional mechanisms to ensure the sustained relevance and effectiveness of child-friendly spaces. The research serves as an important reference for national policy formulation, municipal planning standards, and professional design practices, contributing to the creation of urban environments that truly support childhood development and social progress.