人文与山水视角下温州洞天福地特征 研究

Research on the Characteristics of "Taoism Nature Sanctuary" (TNS) in Wenzhou from the Perspective of Humanism and Natural Landscape

关键词:  风景园林  温州  洞天福地  人文  山水

Key words:  landscape architecture  Wenzhou  "Taoism Nature Sanctuary" (TNS)  humanism  natural landscape

摘要:

温州作为浙江道教洞天福地的三大聚集地之一，其 迥异的自然山水和历史人文充分反映温州洞天福地的入世特 性。当地道教洞天福地中冗杂的民俗信仰与文人隐士的笔墨纷 宏著述，很大程度上得益于温州洞天福地与社会生活之间的互 通性。这种互通性不仅表现在它的人文历史方面，也从其山岳 和水文等自然景观中显露出来。据其山岳水文等自然景观的特 征，在风景园林视角下得出温州一洞四福地景观在选址和布局 上所具备的独特地域特点：择址在其本身临近江海的基础上循 “坐山之内隅”原则，且各洞天福地“山岳海拔多不过百”； 布局遵“虚围实合的山川之势”和“立于水网，靠于江流，面 向海洋”之态。温州洞天福地的选址原则和布局模式在确保其 “避灾”和“藏风纳气”特性的同时，又维系了其入世性，保 障了洞天福地中修道者的日常生活。温州洞天福地从自然到人 文景观无不涉及现实追求和世俗表现，旨在发掘其地域性特 征，丰富浙江洞天福地研究。

Abstract:

Wenzhou, as one of the three gathering places of the "Taoism Nature Sanctuary" (TNS) in Zhejiang Province，its distinct qualities of the natural landscape and culture of humanism accentuates the regional characteristics of Wenzhou TNS that get involved in the world. The diverse local Taoist folk beliefs with abundant literatis and hermits' writings benefits from the interworking between Wenzhou TNS and social lifestyle in a great extent. This interoperability is not only manifested in the analysis of historic literature and social cultural influence, but also in natural landscape layers such as landform and hydrology. Through exploration of its geomorphological context, it is concluded that the landscape of Wenzhou TNS is extremely regional and specific to its location in site selection and layout of surrounding landscape from the perspective of landscape architecture. With foundation of being in close proximity to the rivers and sea, process of site selection embodies the principle of "located in the inside of mountains that separate the ocean". The elevation of the mountainous landscape has an average altitude less than one hundred metres. The layout adapts to the semi-closed mountainous form and the condition of "situating on the water network, back to the rivers and facing the sea". The geographical distribution and geomorphological context of Wenzhou TNS assure the purpose of "disaster avoidance" and certain other beliefs in Chinese traditional geomantic omen theory, while sustaining its secular values and guaranteeing the basic life in TNS. In summary, Wenzhou TNS shows the pursuit of realistic life and secular expression. This paper depicts the distinct regional character of Wenzhou TNS, which will enrich the research of TNS in Zhejiang Province from both the analysis of its landscape geomorphological context and the historic cultural influence.