逸于乡野：传统乡村休闲景观营造意匠研究——以明清福建永安吉山村为例

Leisure in Village: Traditional Rural Leisure Landscape Construction and Connotation Research: Taking Jishan Village, Yong'an City, Fujian Province in Ming and Qing Dynasties as an Example

关键词:  风景园林  传统村落  休闲景观  营造意匠  吉山村  乡村振兴

Key words:  landscape architecture  traditional village  leisure landscape  construction ingenuity  Jishan village  rural revitalization

摘要:

传统乡村休闲景观是乡土文化景观的重要组成部分，其景观构成、营建理念及文化内涵的深入挖掘对于延续乡村景观风貌、传承乡土文化具有重要意义。从乡村日常休闲活动形式切入，辨析乡村休闲景观概念内涵与景观构成，结合明清时期永安市吉山村具体案例，基于对族谱图文的解读，以及村落历史遗存分析，总结提炼传统休闲景观营建理念与人文内涵。通过对传统休闲景观营造意匠的挖掘，以期观古知今，对乡村振兴背景下美丽乡村景观建设起到借鉴作用。

Abstract:

Traditional rural leisure landscapes constitute a distinctive type of vernacular cultural landscape and form an integral part of the residential environment of villages. They embody values of intimacy, relaxation, a return to simplicity, and moral cultivation, thereby offering valuable references for the design of contemporary rural leisure spaces. In the context of China's rural revitalization, a deeper exploration of the composition, construction principles, and cultural connotations of traditional rural leisure landscapes is crucial for the continuation of characteristic village forms and the inheritance of local culture. This study investigates traditional rural leisure landscapes from the perspective of villagers' everyday recreational practices. By tracing the daily leisure activities of rural residents, six primary categories of leisure landscapes are identified: dwelling, resting, ancestor worship, religious practice, ritual and education, and appreciation of natural scenery. A comparative analysis is undertaken to examine the similarities and differences in spatial forms and material elements across these categories, thereby offering a comprehensive framework for understanding the characteristics of traditional rural leisure landscapes. Building upon this typological study, the paper selects Jishan Village in Yong'an City as a case study. Through a close reading of clan genealogies and textual records, combined with an analysis of historical remains, the research extracts the underlying ideas and cultural meanings embedded in leisure landscape construction. The findings reveal that the agrarian way of life, together with the simple and natural rural environment, profoundly shaped the leisure practices of Jishan villagers. Leisure activities emerged around a spectrum of needs, including solitary relaxation, neighborly interaction, social gatherings among friends, and clan-based communal events. In shaping these activities, villagers relied on the rural natural environment as a spatial foundation, while incorporating cultural elements such as irrigation canals, farmland, waterpowered mills, and ceremonial flagpoles. These components collectively gave rise to a wide range of leisure landscapes. The construction process was characterized by a sensitivity to both natural and cultural contexts. Villagers employed techniques such as framing scenic views and aligning with geomantic principles, producing an integrated pattern of mountains, forests, fields, and settlements. This process emphasized situational adaptability and the creative use of existing landscapes. Agricultural scenes were not concealed but rather foregrounded, allowing rustic authenticity and natural vitality to become central qualities of leisure landscapes. Importantly, the active participation of villagers infused these spaces with strong affective and symbolic dimensions. Ideals of a good life, attachments to clan identity, and shared memories were embedded in the landscape. Consequently, the spaces also provided venues for folk customs and seasonal rituals, such as deity processions, dragon dances, winemaking, and bamboo harvesting, thereby reinforcing cultural continuity. In contrast, contemporary rural leisure landscapes, often developed in conjunction with tourism industries, are oriented toward diverse user groups, including both villagers and visitors. These modern landscapes tend to be larger in scale, more aggregated, and more focused on aestheticized nodes in isolation. While visually appealing, they often lack deep integration with the broader village environment and cultural traditions. The comparison suggests that the enduring value of traditional rural leisure landscapes lies not merely in their spatial forms but in their embeddedness within the rhythms of agrarian life, everyday customs, and community participation. Therefore, the study argues that contemporary rural leisure construction should move beyond superficial imitation of traditional forms. Instead, it should excavate the practical customs and emotional bonds underpinning traditional landscapes. By respecting residents' daily practices and re-establishing their intrinsic connections with leisure spaces, contemporary design can achieve both cultural resonance and sustainability. In this way, traditional wisdom may continue to inspire innovative approaches to rural landscape construction, ensuring that the spirit of vernacular culture persists within modern contexts.