江南运河及其沿线传统人居环境构建形态研究

Research on the Construction Morphology of Traditional Human Settlement along the Jiangnan Canal

关键词:  风景园林  江南运河  运河聚落  传统人居环境构建  人水共生

Key words:  landscape architecture  Jiangnan Canal  canal settlements  construction of traditional human settlements  symbiosis of human and water

摘要:

江南运河是京杭大运河成型较早区段，河道相对稳定，历代变动较小，在太湖流域历史时期的人居环境发展中起到重要作用。首先解析江南运河的设施构成及运行机制，其次从流域与古城两尺度梳理江南运河与沿线人居环境的变迁过程；在流域尺度上，阐释了江南运河在沿线人居环境构建中的共性作用，以及沿运北、中、南3段的差异；在古城尺度上，提炼了运河在沿运城河组织、城池变迁、运河城景三方面的过程化影响方式与空间形态。旨在以二者动态演变关系为研究重点，进一步探讨与发掘运河在沿线人居环境构建中的连续性作用及其景观在地性特征，总结其中蕴含的传统人居环境人水共生智慧，为运河文化传承及相关遗产保护利用提供理论支撑。

Abstract:

Jiangnan Canal is the earlier section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with a relatively stable river course and small changes in successive dynasties, which plays an important role in the development of human settlements in the Taihu basin in historical times. Based on ancient books and historical maps, combined with relevant achievements in hydraulic engineering, the research firstly analyzes the facilities composition and operation mechanism of Jiangnan Canal, and then sorts out the changes of Jiangnan Canal and the living environment along the canal from the two scales of basin and ancient city. The research has drawn the following conclusions. At the basin scale, the canal influenced settlement development through transportation, land use, and water management. Among these, accelerating land drainage and reclamation in low-lying plains, as well as promoting siltation and land formation along the embankments, are the distinctive features of the Jiangnan Canal compared to other sections of the Grand Canal in promoting human settlement development. Along the northern, eastern, and southern sections of the canal, three hydro-spatial systems emerged: 1) Northern section. Branch canals were constructed on both sides of the main canal, and water was diverted from and to the Yangtze River through these branch canals to ensure the operation of the canal system and agricultural irrigation along the route. 2) Central section. The canal's two sides have formed a network of "Lougang" and "Tangpu" rivers, which drain water from Lake Tai and upstream areas. 3) Southern section. Form a diversion circle with canals and seawalls to reduce the amount of water entering the plain and direct it to Lake Taihu and downstream areas. At the ancient city scale: 1) In water conservancy relationships, the hydraulic construction relationship between ancient city rivers and canals presents three types. (1) The canal (ancient course) runs through the ancient city, with the innercity waterways built alongside the canal. (2) The urban river network has a relatively independent structure, with canals and other surrounding waterways regulating water storage and drainage on the periphery. (3) Some urban waterways serve as channels, connecting the canal with its surrounding lakes for water supply and drainage. 2) In terms of spatial relationship, the impact of the canal on the ancient city is manifested in three aspects. (1) Due to population aggregation along the canal occupying river space, lateral diversion of the canal route triggered further population concentration, resulting in an expansion pattern resembling a lantern frame in the ancient city's structural layout. (2) Compared to their initial construction, the axes of some ancient cities have shifted towards the direction of the canal's entry and exit points. (3) Some ancient cities expanded along the canal towards the outskirts while there were still vacant lands within the city, especially clustering around major regulatory facilities. 3) The three sections of the Jiangnan Canal have different facility configurations due to varying environmental conditions, resulting in unique local landscapes. The urban scenery along the Jiangnan Canal can be understood from three aspects: "a series of grain transport facilities, clusters of lake and pond landscapes, and nodes of shipping markers." The research aims to focus on the dynamic evolution of the relationship between canals and human settlements along their routes, further exploring and uncovering the continuous role of their construction and the local characteristics of their landscapes. It summarizes the traditional wisdom of human-water symbiosis in human settlements, providing theoretical support for canal cultural heritage preservation and related heritage protection and utilization