线性交通基础设施生态连通性改善的国际经验及对中国铁路建设的启示

International Experience in Improving Ecological Connectivity of Linear Transportation Infrastructureand Its Implications for Railway Construction in China

关键词:  风景园林  生态连通性改善  线性交通基础设施  铁路建设  协同路径  国际经验

Key words:  landscape architecture  improvement of ecological connectivity  linear transportation infrastructure  railway construction  collaborative path  international experience

摘要:

线性交通基础设施建设在拉动经济发展的同时也存在生态成本，生态连通性改善正是应对这一问题的重要举措。随着中国“八纵八横”高速铁路规划 连网成片效应对沿线自然保护区及未经保护荒野的影响越来越大，亟待完善铁路设施生态连通性改善的政策体系和实施路径，减少对周边自然生态系统的不良影 响。结合世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)所属的世界保护地委员会(WCPA)关于线性交通基础设施生态连通性改善的理论指导和建设经验，从总体方针、评估监测、 多元协同、改善措施4个方面总结归纳其路径框架，在此基础上结合我国铁路建设实际，提出关于铁路设施生态连通性改善的4项启示及其方法引导：1)制定生态 连通性专项规划，融入我国既有铁路建设体系；2)采取多种尺度的环境评估，提供科学性的项目决策信息；3)强化价值驱动的多元合作，预留有改善措施的实施 条件；4)建立数据增效设计的措施集合，提高改善结果的有效性。以期为国土景观保护与生态修复的规划实施保障提供借鉴。

Abstract:

Transportation infrastructure refers to fixed engineering facilities that provide transportation services for residents' travel and the movement of social products, typically consisting of linear corridors and transportation nodes. As an important foundation and precursor for the development of the national economy, transportation infrastructure is rapidly expanding in developing countries worldwide, inevitably impacting ecosystems. Compared to transportation nodes such as stations, docks, and airports, which create ecological islands in specific areas, linear corridors like highways, railways, and canals can form continuous and disruptive ecological barriers across longer geographical distances. This exacerbates conflicts between human activities and wildlife, hindering ecological processes such as foraging, dispersion, and gene flow within wildlife habitats. "Ecological connectivity improvement" serves as a crucial measure for biodiversity conservation, effectively mitigating the potential impacts of linear transportation infrastructure on wildlife habitats and population stability. The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has issued a series of classification standards, technical reports, and other guidelines addressing the impact of linear transportation infrastructure on biodiversity, providing references for decision-makers and practitioners to translate forward-looking theoretical research into effective practices. In 2023, IUCN & WCPA published the "Guide to Addressing Ecological Connectivity in Road, Railway, and Canal Development", offering further guidance on multiple spatio-temporal scales for the construction of ecological linear transportation infrastructure. As the "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" high-speed railway network in China increasingly connects and forms a contiguous effect along the routes, significantly impacting protected natural areas and unprotected wilderness, there is an urgent need to improve the policy framework and implementation pathways for enhancing ecological connectivity in railway facilities, in order to reduce adverse impacts on surrounding natural ecosystems. This study, based on the theoretical guidance and construction experience of the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) regarding ecological connectivity improvement in linear transportation infrastructure, summarizes its pathway framework from four aspects: overall policy, assessment and monitoring, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and improvement measures. Building on this foundation, and considering the reality of railway construction in China, the study proposes four insights and methodological guides for improving ecological connectivity in railway facilities: 1) Develop a specialized plan for ecological connectivity and integrate it into China's existing railway construction system; 2) Conduct environmental assessments at multiple scales to provide scientific decision-making information for projects; 3) Strengthen value-driven multi-stakeholder collaboration and reserve conditions for implementing improvement measures; 4) Establish a set of data-enhanced design measures to enhance the effectiveness of improvement outcomes. The aim is to provide references for the planning and implementation of landscape conservation and ecological restoration in China. The compilation of specialized plans for ecological connectivity in railway facilities is a fundamental prerequisite for gradually implementing ecological connectivity improvement measures in various railway planning and practices. Conducting environmental assessments of railway facilities at multiple scales is an inevitable requirement for systematically understanding the current level of ecological connectivity. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of ecological connectivity improvement in railway facilities will be achieved through the cumulative advancements in measurement technologies enhanced by data. Furthermore, value-driven multi-stakeholder collaboration, as a safeguard mechanism for the implementation of improvement measures, needs to be promoted and strengthened simultaneously.