风景资源分类评价方法的建构、应用与演变

Research on the Formation, Application, and Progression of the Classification and Evaluation Methodsfor Scenic and Historic Resources

关键词:  风景园林  风景资源  风景名胜区  价值识别  评价方法  风景史

Key words:  landscape architecture  scenic and historic resources (SHR)  scenic and historic area  value identification  evaluation method  history of landscape

摘要:

风景资源分类评价为多类保护地、旅游区的设立和管理提供了资源分类分级和价值识别的基础，自20世纪80年代起至今已建构起一套科学化、体系化 的评价方法。梳理各时期国家层面的相关要求和标准，划分“统一分类评价方法-规范分类评价体系-提升保护和利用水平”3个基本发展阶段，分析景源分类评价 对中国传统方式的沿承和对世界遗产标准的借鉴，揭示景源分类从二分走向综合、价值识别从多元走向融合、价值评价定性定量相结合的发展趋势和演变特征； 同时表明标准制定与实施应用、理论与实践之间存在同步建构且相互影响的关系，并指出景源分类评价方法存在局限于形成统一标准而缺乏革新的不足

Abstract:

The classification and evaluation of Scenic and Historic Resources (SHR) play a crucial role in the establishment and management of various protected areas and tourist destinations. It provides the foundation for the establishment and management of various types of protected areas, offering a basis for resource classification, grading, and value identification. Since the 1980s, the methodological framework has evolved into a scientific and systematic approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative assessments. Firstly, this paper traces the historical evolution of SHR classification and evaluation methods across different periods, alongside the relevant national requirements and standards. Based on this review, it summarizes and delineates the process into 3 fundamental developmental stages: "unified classification and evaluation methods", "standardized classification and evaluation systems", and "enhanced levels of protection and utilization". Secondly, this paper analyzes the inheritance of traditional Chinese methods in SHR classification and evaluation, as well as the incorporation of World Heritage standards. This includes the refinement and adjustment of SHR classification based on the division between natural and cultural factors, as well as the shift from traditional roots to aligning with World Heritage standards in the recognition and qualitative evaluation of SHR value. Many scenic and historic areas have started to adopt a benchmark-style qualitative evaluation of SHR value, referencing the categories and standards of World Heritage. As a result, the value levels of SHR have been elevated to the "special class" as specified in the "standards", corresponding to values and levels of attraction at the global scale. This further highlights the profound influence of international protected area value orientations on the development of scenic and historic areas in China, particularly in the identification of the typical characteristics of SHR value. Thirdly, this paper examines the quantitative evaluation of SHR value, the exploration of diversified methods, and the influence of SHR classification on other standards. Early classifications were structured around the natural and cultural dichotomy, influenced by practical needs and related disciplines. As understanding of the "humanization of nature" and the importance of ecosystem protection and cultural landscapes deepened, the classification system shifted to a more integrated approach. Additionally, as multidisciplinary and societal demands grew, SHR were differentiated by multiple values and levels, with reference to World Heritage standards raising their value hierarchy. Evaluation factors expanded, though aesthetic beauty remained the primary value. Initially, qualitative methods, including the "Eight Views" and World Heritage benchmarks, were widely used. Over time, quantitative methods increased and began to complement qualitative evaluations. Overall, the paper finds that the classification and evaluation methods for SHR have been widely applied in resource surveys and planning across various scenic and historic areas over the years, yielding positive results. These methods have influenced the understanding and management of resources in other protected areas and tourist destinations, such as forest parks and tourist attractions. However, the majority of SHR evaluations still focus on the categorization of landscapes as outlined in the standards, with no fundamental changes occurring. The hierarchical indicators in SHR classification and evaluation are relatively refined and scientific, but the weighting and scoring in value evaluation remain somewhat subjective, with the value of SHR often being confined to the aesthetic dimension. In light of the ongoing deepening of natural protected area system reforms in China, it is essential to explore the regional and individual differences in SHR protection and utilization through case studies. This includes advancing research on the sensory and causal aspects of landscapes, promoting the in-depth exploration of SHR values, and improving the general applicability of evaluation methods. These efforts will highlight the unique characteristics of scenic and historic areas, emphasizing the "high integration of nature and culture" and clarifying how nature and culture coexist harmoniously, reflecting ecological wisdom.