基于地貌差异的广东大陆海岸带传统人居景观比较研究

Comparative Study on Traditional Human Settlements Landscape of Guangdong Continental CoastalZone Based on Geomorphic Differences

关键词:  风景园林  国土景观  传统人居景观  广东大陆海岸带  景观比较

Key words:  landscape architecture  territorial landscape  traditional human settlement  Guangdong mainland coastal zone  landscape comparison

摘要:

海岸带是中国国土景观和人居环境的重要组成部分，广东大陆海岸带作为全国最长海岸带，以其地貌多样性孕育了丰富的人居景观。在海洋强国和陆海 统筹背景下，基于地貌类型开展更为深入和细致的海岸带传统人居景观的比较研究，对海岸带生态、文化的可持续发展至关重要。结合地貌类型的基础限定与人 居需求的目标导向，构建了包含多元景观特征因子的海岸带传统人居景观研究框架。将广东大陆海岸带的4种类型划分为30个海湾基本人居单元，选取4个海湾样 本进行比较研究，综合运用风景园林学、海洋地理学、海洋史学等多学科研究方法，从人居承载状况、传统生产景观、商贸城镇景观和防灾防卫景观4个方面揭示 4类海岸带在满足资源、生计、贸易、安全等核心发展需求下的景观特征差异，旨在为海岸带人居景观的分类保护和可持续发展提供理论支撑。

Abstract:

The coastal zone constitutes a critical component of China's territorial landscape and human settlement systems. Possessing the nation's longest continental coastline, the Guangdong coastal zone exhibits significant geomorphological diversity, fostering the development of rich and varied human settlement landscapes. Within the strategic context of national maritime development and integrated land-sea coordination, conducting in-depth comparative studies of traditional coastal settlement landscapes, systematically categorized by distinct geomorphological types, is essential for advancing the ecological and cultural sustainability of these critical coastal regions. An analytically robust research framework targeting traditional coastal human settlement landscapes was established. This framework strategically integrates foundational constraints derived from fundamental geomorphological classifications with the goal-oriented imperatives of human settlement development, thereby incorporating multidimensional landscape characteristic factors to facilitate structured comparative analysis. Methodologically, the Guangdong continental coastline was first classified into four primary geomorphological types. Subsequently, these broad classifications enabled the delineation of thirty discrete fundamental settlement units defined specifically at the bay scale. Four representative bay units, corresponding to the major geomorphological types, were then selected for indepth comparative analysis. This study employed an integrated, multi-disciplinary research approach, synthesizing methodologies and perspectives from landscape architecture, marine geography, and maritime history. Comparative analysis was systematically conducted across four constitutive dimensions characterizing coastal human settlement patterns: human settlement carrying capacity, traditional production landscape, commercial town landscape, and disaster defense landscape. Through this methodology, significant characteristic variations in landscape patterns and functions among the four coastal typologies were identified and examined. These variations demonstrably reflect distinct pathways of environmental adaptation - strategies evolving responsively under different geographic constraints and explicitly driven by core human settlement needs related to resource access, livelihood security, trade logistics, and territorial safety. Four principal modes of adaptation were elucidated: 1) Construction Philosophy: Spatial Optimization Leveraging Natural Advantages. Land development patterns and settlement site selection were fundamentally guided by the differential distribution and availability of advantageous natural resources. This spatially explicit resource optimization fostered distinctive settlement morphologies, characterized by aggregation on coastal plains, linear distribution along river corridors, concentrated clustering around lagoon systems, and coastal linear arrangements. 2) Livelihood Systems: Integrated Land-Sea Resource Utilization for Livelihood Security. Resource maximization was achieved through the development of integrated agricultural-fishery-salt production landscapes. Spatial utilization strategies were adaptively calibrated to local environmental conditions, generating a diversified matrix of coastal fisheries practices. These included deep-water harbor fishing, gei wai pond aquaculture, saline-field aquaculture, and onshore mariculture facilities, optimizing resource capture across the land-sea interface. 3) Commercial Networks: Networked Commerce Driven by Harbor Geography. Commercial infrastructure and trade flows were structurally determined by inherent variations in harbor geographical endowments. Locations exhibiting superior deep-water access and expansive hinterland connectivity evolved as major commercial ports. Conversely, sites constrained by limited harbor area or shallower depths were functionally integrated as specialized supporting ports within a synergistic regional system. Collaborative operational dynamics among ports fostered the emergence of interconnected regional trade networks and the synergistic port-city cluster effect. 4) Disaster Mitigation: Disaster Resilience through Hybrid Natural-Engineered Defenses. Priority was placed on the strategic deployment of natural elements and lowtechnology measures in constructing disaster mitigation infrastructure. Coastal defense systems were deliberately engineered and positioned to command strategic strongpoints, thereby safeguarding critical political and economic centers. The historical adaptation logic embedded within these traditional coastal settlement systems embodies profound implications for contemporary sustainable development paradigms, particularly concerning resilience and resource stewardship. Consequently, the insights derived provide indispensable theoretical and practical guidance necessary for fostering the healthy evolution of regional human settlement ecosystems and for implementing effective, classificationspecific protection strategies for coastal zones globally.