冬季街道景观恢复效应的景观感应流变分析——基于虚拟现实与可穿戴生理传感的证据

Restorative Effects of Winter Streetscapes via the Flow and Change of Landscape Perception andInteraction: Evidence from Virtual Reality and Wearable Biosensors

关键词:  风景园林  冬季  景观感应流变  街道绿化  应激恢复  虚拟现实  种植结构  配置形式

Key words:  landscape architecture  winter  the flow and change of landscape perception and Interaction  street greenery  stress recovery  virtual reality  vegetation structure  configuration form

摘要:

基于“景观感应流变分析”视角，检验冬季街道绿化的心理-生理恢复效应及其由“感-应-流-变”耦合驱动的调节机制。通过依托关中地区典型街道与 冬季植物要素，构建了19种虚拟现实(VR)街景情境(乔、乔-草、乔-灌、乔-灌-草、无绿化对照组)。招募380名受试者在急性应激诱发后进行3 min的虚拟现 实街景漫游，并以PANAS量表、指尖脉搏、皮肤电导与EEG(θ/α/β)指标评估从应激到恢复阶段的百分比变化。结果表明：相较对照组，绿化场景显著促进身 心恢复；在结构层面，乔灌草3层配置整体效果最佳；在配置层面，落叶乔木+灌/草本组合在生理应激恢复上表现最优，而含彩叶篱的组合在心理恢复上优势更为 显著。机制上，色彩与垂直层次线索共同提升“柔性吸引”，而冬季季相导致的通透性与亮度差异对生理恢复幅度具有调节作用。从时空流变维度揭示了冬季街 道植被动态特性对健康效益的作用路径，为寒温带城市的健康导向冬季街道设计提供了结构化证据与可操作策略。

Abstract:

Adopting the flow and change of landscape perception and Interaction perspective centered on the "perception-interaction-flow-change" coupling mechanism, this study systematically examined the psychophysiological restorative effects of winter streetscape greenery. This theoretical framework conceptualizes landscapes not as passive backdrops, but as dynamic environmental systems that engage in continuous real-time sensory interaction with individuals. Within this paradigm, restorative benefits are understood to emerge from complex, multidirectional couplings between perceptual cues, psychophysiological responses, and spatiotemporal flow dynamics. Based on representative streetscapes and characteristic winter plant elements in the Guanzhong region, plant materials were rigorously selected according to distinct biological attributes and seasonal characteristics to reflect typical urban planting practices. The selection included deciduous and evergreen trees for the canopy layer, evergreen and colored-leaf hedges for the shrub layer, as well as evergreen and deciduous herb species for the groundcover layer, capturing the full range of winter phenological expression. Using Mars 2020 software, a total of 19 highly realistic virtual reality (VR) streetscape scenarios were constructed with careful attention to seasonal accuracy and ecological plausibility. These represented systematic combinations of vegetation structures: tree (T), tree-herb (T-H), tree-shrub (T-S), and tree-shrub-herb (T-S-H) configurations, alongside a non-vegetated control scenario. Each configuration integrated specific variations in vegetation type and spatial arrangement to capture nuanced ecological perception and compositional diversity while maintaining standardized urban contextual elements. A cohort of 380 participants underwent a standardized acute stress induction procedure following established experimental protocols to ensure consistent baseline arousal states. This was followed by a precisely controlled 3-minute immersive VR exposure to one of the winter streetscape conditions under carefully regulated environmental conditions. Multimodal psychophysiological recovery metrics were collected using specialized biosensing equipment, including psychological assessments via the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to evaluate emotional valence changes and affective restoration. Simultaneously, physiological responses were recorded through fingertip pulse (reflecting cardiovascular activity and heart rate variability), skin conductance level (indicating sympathetic nervous system arousal and emotional stimulation), and electroencephalography (EEG) with a focus on θ, α, and β band power to assess cortical activation patterns and mental engagement levels. Recovery efficacy was quantitatively expressed as percentage changes from baseline stress states to post-exposure recovery levels using standardized transformation algorithms. Results demonstrated that all vegetated streetscapes significantly enhanced psychophysiological recovery compared to the non-greenery control, corroborating the beneficial role of winter greenery in mitigating stress, promoting positive affective states, and facilitating autonomic nervous system regulation through visual and ecological stimulation. In terms of structural composition, the three-layered T-S-H configuration yielded the most comprehensive restorative outcomes, which can be attributed to its structural complexity offering richer visual stimuli, enhanced ecological perception dimensions, greater spatial definition, and a more profound sense of environmental immersion and inclusiveness. At the species-composition level, combinations featuring deciduous trees with shrubs or herbs induced the most pronounced physiological recovery, likely due to their distinctive winter branching patterns and architectural qualities, while incorporations of coloredleaf hedges were associated with superior psychological restoration through their vibrant visual appeal and color contrast effects. Mechanistic analysis revealed that color diversity and vertical stratification cues work synergistically to enhance "soft fascination" by engaging involuntary attention effortlessly, stimulating aesthetic appreciation, and reducing cognitive load through visually coherent yet complex scenes. Furthermore, winter phenology-driven variationssuch as differential light permeability due to leaf retention in evergreens and branch exposure in deciduous species-along with resultant scene brightness adjustments and shadow patterning, significantly modulated the amplitude of physiological recovery responses and influenced psych emotional states. These findings elucidate the operative pathways through which the spatiotemporally dynamic attributes of winter vegetation modulate human health outcomes via neurophysiological and psychological mechanisms. The study provides empirically grounded and structured evidence for designing health-promoting winter streetscapes in cold-temperate cities, highlighting the importance of optimizing color contrast in shrub layers, strategically integrating evergreen elements for visual continuity and year-round structure, and implementing multilayered planting schemes with complementary seasonal attributes to maximize restorative benefits throughout the year across varying winter conditions.