泉灌系统影响下的晋水流域景观体系研究

Research on the Landscape System of Jinshui River Basin under the Influence of the Spring IrrigationSystem

关键词:  风景园林  晋祠  晋水  泉灌系统  地域景观  祠庙景观

Key words:  landscape architecture  Jinci Shrine  Jinshui River  spring irrigation system  regional landscape  shrine landscape

摘要:

随着自然与人工的塑形，出露于太原县治(今太原南郊区)西南十里悬瓮山下的泉水因势利导、逐级延伸，形成“泉-渠-田-村-祠”相互交织的特定风 景。结合文献研究、田野调查、空间制图和层模型分析等研究方法，对晋水流域的演变及泉灌系统进行梳理；在此基础上，从自然基底、农业、聚落和祠庙4个空 间层面探讨泉灌系统影响下的景观特征，揭示晋水流域景观营建中自然与人工的关系内涵。研究结果对于明晰晋水渠系网络、理解当地景观生成逻辑，以及指导 当地人文景观组织与发展具有重要作用。

Abstract:

Through the dynamic interplay between natural processes and human interventions, the spring water emerging from the foot of Xuanweng Mountain (10 li southwest of historic Taiyuan County, present-day southern Taiyuan suburbs) was systematically channeled and extended, ultimately forming a distinctive cultural landscape characterized by the integrated "spring-canal-field-villagetemple" system. Primarily, this study systematically investigates the evolution of the water system in the Jin River Basin through an integrated methodology combining archival research and field-based surveys. Next, it delineates five critical developmental periods in history, with particular emphasis on the late Qing Dynasty as the study's temporal focus representing the system's mature phase. The analysis further clarifies the structural composition of the Jin River irrigation system, which integrates three functionally interconnected components: the spring diversion system, the canal network system, and the control system. Building upon the spring-fed irrigation system as an analytical framework, this study integrates spatial mapping and stratigraphic modeling to examine four primary spatial components of the local landscape system: the natural geological substrate, agricultural fields, settlement patterns, and ritual temple complexes, elucidating the characteristic features of landscape architecture shaped by the spring-fed irrigation system: 1) a mountain-water configured environmental matrix; 2) against the backdrop of paddy fields (planted with rice and lotus near water sources or low-lying areas) and dry fields (primarily cultivated with wheat in elevated areas farther from springs), the pastoral landscape is accentuated by watermills and their structures, strategically situated in high-gradient zones to harness the kinetic energy of the Jin River's flow; 3) the distribution of settlements along the tributary canals of the Jin River was shaped by both the acreage of irrigated farmland and the varying flow velocity of the water, while hydraulic infrastructure - particularly bridges - created communal public spaces within these settlements, further defined by their hydrological context; and 4) a spatial system of water deity temples, interconnected through shared hydrological beliefs and materially expressed through architectural configurations. And this study reveals the formation mechanisms of spring-dominated landscapes in the Jin River Basin and provides an in-depth examination of the intrinsic relationship between natural processes and human interventions in its landscape construction: 1) hydrological conditions and topographic configurations as the foundational determinants of watershed landscape patterning, 2) a hydraulic economy-driven development model governing agricultural and settlement landscapes, and 3) water deity worship coupled with irrigation organizations as catalysts for ritual landscape formation. Fundamentally, based on systematic research, this study concludes that the landscape formation process in the Jin River Basin essentially represents the development of a spring-water irrigation district centered around its aquifer-fed irrigation system. Throughout this process, the spring irrigation system dynamically interacted with settlement patterns, agricultural fields, and ritual spaces, ultimately creating a distinctive cultural landscape that embodies the necessary synthesis of anthropogenic and natural systems. Ultimately, this research makes significant contributions by: 1) clarifying the structural complexity of the historical canal networks, 2) deciphering the generative logic behind regional landscape formation, and 3) providing theoretical foundations for contemporary cultural landscape conservation and sustainable development. Furthermore, the study offers valuable methodological and empirical insights for understanding traditional landscape systems in other spring-water-dependent regions across China, particularly in terms of their hydro-cultural adaptation strategies and sustainable water management heritage.