鸟类及景观资源保护视角下日本风力发电设施的评价及管控

Evaluation and Control of Wind Turbines in Japan from the Perspective of Bird and LandscapeResource Conservation

关键词:  风景园林  风力发电设施  环境影响评价  生物多样性保护  景观资源保护

Key words:  landscape architecture  wind power facilities  environmental impact assessment  biodiversity conservation  landscape resource conservation

摘要:

随着中国“双碳”目标的提出，风力发电逐渐成为实现能源转型的主力能源形式之一。但过去30多年来，风电场在建设和运营过程中导致了栖息地破 坏、景观退化等一系列问题。着眼于风力发电设施鸟类及景观资源保护议题，对比分析中日两国风力发电设施的环境影响评价体系，剖析日本在风力发电设施建 设前后对鸟类及景观保护的评价与管控方法，并以北海道石狩市厚田区聚富村、望来村为例，解析其在鸟类及景观保护方面的实践。总结完善法律法规、强化过 程管理、提高技术支撑、注重管控与经验输出等启示，为我国风力发电设施建设前后的鸟类及景观保护工作提供思路与参考。

Abstract:

China's "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" strategic framework positions wind power as a key renewable energy source for optimizing the energy structure and addressing the challenges of climate change. The goal is to achieve the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. This national initiative has accelerated the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy and vigorously promoted the construction of renewable energy facilities such as wind power generation and solar power generation. However, at the same time, the development of wind power has brought about a series of ecological problems, including the fragmentation of important habitats in key bird migration corridors and the degradation of landscapes in culturally important areas. Urgent systematic solutions are needed to coordinate energy transition and ecological protection. This study focuses on the challenges of bird and landscape protection related to wind power infrastructure, conducts a comparative analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems in China and Japan, and particularly emphasizes the institutional practices in Japan through case studies of Shibu Village and Morai Village in Atsuta District, Ishikari City, Hokkaido. The environmental impact assessment system for wind power in Japan is divided into five stages, with a cycle of 24 months. It reflects a comprehensive governance model, characterized by mandatory multi-stakeholder participation (residents, technical experts, and government agencies), clear procedural responsibility division, and comprehensive assessment for human health, biodiversity conservation, and landscape integrity. This framework aims at the impact on birds. By drawing the distribution map of bird species and the migration route map, and establishing the collision risk model, the magnitude of the impact is judged, and the control measures for bird protection are implemented in the sequence of "avoidance, reduction, and compensation". In response to the landscape impact, information on the main viewing points, landscape resources, and main viewing landscapes in the study area was collected and sorted out. Visibility analysis was adopted to predict whether wind power facilities occupied landscape resources or blocked the viewing landscapes. Control measures such as reducing the vertical inclination Angle, avoiding cutting off the skyline, and using the terrain to block wind turbines were proposed. These practices have provided important insights for the development of wind power in our country. The current environmental impact assessment mechanism for wind power in our country is facing challenges, including the lack of binding technical standards for landscape assessment and insufficient monitoring time after construction. Based on the experience of Japan, this study proposes four empirical inspirations: first, through specialized legislation on bird and landscape protection in renewable energy projects, strengthen the legal framework and enhance the verification of mitigation effects by third parties; second, formulate national technical guidelines, incorporate bird space flight surveys and collision risk potential map analysis into site selection, and use visual impact analysis, montage photo method, etc. to analyze the impact of wind farms on the surrounding terrain, ridge lines, and characteristic landscapes; thirdly, through government-led expert committees, integrating ornithology, landscape architecture, and renewable energy technologies, and with the support of cross-sectoral review panels and structured public consultation agreements, promote interdisciplinary cooperation; fourth, disseminate outstanding cases of environmentally friendly wind power projects across multiple platforms through holding conferences, conducting popular science activities and other means, compile guidelines, method books, and other documents to summarize experiences, establish environmental impact assessment protection norms and standards for similar wind power projects, and better reflect the positive superimposed effects formed in the work of wind power development and utilization in China. By integrating the rigor of the Japanese wind power evaluation system and the scale of China's wind power projects, this study provides feasible strategies for coordinating the expansion of wind energy and ecological sustainability under the dual carbon goals, advocating a governance model that incorporates biodiversity conservation and landscape resource protection into the renewable energy policy framework, while maintaining consistency with the global dual carbon climate commitment. These measures cover aspects such as legal improvement, technical standardization, collaborative governance, and international cooperation, jointly establishing a replicable blueprint for achieving low-carbon transformation without compromising the integrity of the ecosystem. They may provide important references for optimizing the environmental impact assessment process of wind power in China and promoting best practices for global sustainable energy development.