结构主义视角下传统村落景观的地方性知识研究——以陕西关中地区为例

Research on Local Knowledge of Traditional Village Landscape from the Perspective of Structuralism:A Case of Guanzhong Area in Shaanxi Province

关键词:  风景园林  传统村落景观  地方性知识  结构主义  地方性知识构成结构  地方性知识结构生成机制  陕西关中地区

Key words:  landscape architecture  traditional village landscape  local knowledge  structuralism  constituent structure of local knowledge  generation mechanism of local knowledge structure  Guanzhong area in Shaanxi Province

摘要:

基于传统村落景观的系统性、复杂性和地方性等本质属性探索景观表征下的恒定知识结构，是凝练传统村落景观主导特征及核心营建技法的关键。以结 构主义理论为基础，从传统村落景观结构的地方性特征、传统村落景观的地方性知识构成结构和传统村落景观的地方性知识结构的生成机制3个方面构建解构传统 村落景观地方性知识的研究框架。以陕西关中地区68个国家级传统村落为例，分析传统村落景观元素排列组合及序列关系的“原型-拓扑”结构特征，揭示其中蕴 含的地方性知识构成结构及内涵，并廓清恒定结构因素、可变结构因素和集体结构因素影响下的传统村落景观地方性知识生成机制。

Abstract:

Based on the systemic, complexity and locality of traditional village landscape, exploring the constant structure of knowledge under the representation of landscape is the key to refining the dominant characteristics and core construction techniques of traditional villages. Construction knowledge of traditional village landscape not only adheres to the general principles of universal knowledge construction but also demonstrates unique local characteristics. In recent years, research on the local knowledge of traditional village landscape has become a frontier topic in applied disciplines related to human settlements, such as urban and rural planning and landscape architecture. However, existing studies still exhibit gaps, for example stealthily substituting the superficial analyses of landscape characteristics for local knowledge. The main reason for this phenomenon lies in the failure to clearly define the connotation of local knowledge of traditional village landscape within the fundamental principles of discursive formation. Consequently, based on structuralism theory as the basis, this paper builds a research framework for deconstructing the local knowledge of traditional village landscape from three aspects: the local structure characteristics of traditional village landscape, constituent structure of local knowledge of traditional village landscape, and the generation mechanism of local knowledge structure of traditional village landscape, which by analyzing the structural characteristics of the local knowledge of traditional village landscape reflected in the construction logic of landscape, structure of discursive formation and topological relationship of landscape elements. Among these, the local structure characteristics of traditional village landscape include combination structures, sequence structures, and topological structures. The research on the constituent structure of local knowledge of traditional village landscape sets up venation structures of knowledge which from life-sustaining vein, driving vein, and spiritual vein to deconstructs the connotation of local knowledge by extracting the constituent elements of local knowledge that across all levels of the landscape. Regarding the generation mechanism, it analyzes the local knowledge structure of traditional village landscape under the influence of constant structural factors, variable structural factors, and collective structural factors. Then, this paper takes sixtyeight national traditional villages in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province as an example. According to research findings, the local combination structures characteristics of traditional village landscape prototypes exhibit independent quadrangle landscape, organically developed public space landscape and integrated village with landscape. The local sequence structures characteristics of traditional village landscape prototypes represent sacred space leading the landscape order of spirit and earthliness, hierarchical layout of water facilities, and interconnected internal landscapes and external landscapes. Diverse local construction modes are further established by topological processes such as growth, enclosure, filling, penetration, association, and extension. These local structure characteristics of traditional village landscape in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province result from the synergistic influence of life-sustaining knowledge vein of human-land coupling, driving vein of seeking practicality, and spiritual vein of attaching equal attention to wealth and education. It is shaped by diversified landforms, traditional imperial culture, and folk customs emphasizing humanistic education. In conclusion, this research points out that, within the context of bidirectional flow of urban and rural elements, it is essential to preserve the core structure of local knowledge of traditional village landscapes. Furthermore, with an open and integrative approach, other forms of knowledge should be incorporated systematically to effectively balance the relationships among diverse types of knowledge of traditional village landscapes.