基于HGIS的唐代私家园林时空格局演变过程及其驱动力研究

The Evolution and Its Driving Forces of Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Tang Dynasty Private Gardensthrough HGIS Approach

关键词:  风景园林  唐代  私家园林  时空格局  地理探测器  驱动力

Key words:  landscape architecture  Tang Dynasty  private garden  spatialtemporal pattern  geographic detector  driving force

摘要:

私家园林在唐代兴盛，并且出现居游融合、诗画入园的特征。其地理分布的格局演变反映着不同的自然、社会环境对造园艺术所产生的创化作用，对中 国园林的发展有重要意义。以往研究多基于园林设计的艺术特征，少有研究从历史地理信息系统(HGIS)的视角与方法考察唐代私家园林的时空演变及其驱动力。 基于《唐代园林别业考录》园林信息，提出了私家园林时空信息校考的技术流程，分析了唐代私家园林时空格局的演变，并使用地理探测器对其格局演变的驱动 因子进行探测。研究显示：在空间特征上，唐代私家园林总体围绕以长安、洛阳、扬州为核心的“三核多点”的空间分布模式。在时间特征上，园林分布重心整 体向东南移动，由初唐、盛唐时期相对孤立的“三核聚集”逐渐转而成为中、晚唐时期以江浙及两京为中心的“两带广布”。在驱动力上，文化与经济因子的影 响最为显著，自然因子则起到增益作用，充分说明私家园林的主流由天然山水向城市山林的人文转变。

Abstract:

As one of the most representative types of ancient Chinese gardens, private gardens flourished during the Tang Dynasty and featured the fusion of inhabitation and recreation, as well as the incorporation of poetic and picturesque elements. The evolution of their geographical distribution patterns reflects the influence of different natural and social environments on the art of gardening, playing an important role in the development of Chinese gardens. Previous research has primarily focused on the artistic characteristics of garden design, exploring gardening techniques to guide garden design with a practical orientation. Few studies have examined the spatiotemporal evolution of Tang private gardens and their driving forces from the perspective and method of Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS). This paper establishes a database of Tang private gardens based on the proofreading of the spatiotemporal information of 713 gardens recorded in Li Hao's Textual Research on Garden Villas in the Tang Dynasty. The study proposes a technical workflow for proofreading the spatiotemporal information of private gardens. By sorting out the site selection, function, and gardening purpose recorded in the literature, the garden types are identified and reclassified, and 548 private gardens built during the Tang Dynasty with complete spatiotemporal information are selected. In exploring the spatiotemporal pattern and driving forces of Tang private gardens evolution, the gardens are first divided spatiotemporally, with the spatial dimension divided according to the ten administrative divisions, Dao of the Zhenguan period, and the temporal dimension further divided into six periods: Early Tang, Late Early Tang, High Tang, Middle Tang, Early Late Tang, and Late Late Tang based on historical research results. Secondly, the kernel density and standard deviation ellipse methods of ArcGIS geospatial analysis are used to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and evolution process of Tang private gardens during each period. Finally, eight observation factors from the dimensions of nature, economy, and culture are selected to detect the driving factors of the spatial pattern evolution of Tang private gardens using geographic probes. The result shows that in terms of spatial characteristics, Tang private gardens were generally distributed around the capital area centered on Chang'an, the metropolitan area centered on Luoyang, and the Jianghuai area centered on Yangzhou, presenting a "three-core and multiple points" spatial distribution pattern, widely distributed except for remote areas in the southwest, northwest, and northeast. In terms of temporal characteristics, the distribution center of gardens overall shifted southeast, transitioning to the "two belts" pattern that centered on Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and the two capitals during Middle and Late Tang periods. Regarding driving forces, the interaction of economic and cultural factors led to a nonlinear enhancement of factor explanatory power, fully demonstrating that economy and culture were the main driving forces behind the development of private gardens. More importantly, from the perspective of individual factors, cultural factors represented by the number of successful candidates in the imperial examinations and the density of historical sites were the primary forces behind private gardening activities during the Tang Dynasty, while natural factors played a supporting role, fully illustrating the design focus of private gardens has shifted from pure nature to urban nature settings.