云在中国古典园林中的营造研究

Research on the Creation of Clouds in Chinese Classical Garden

关键词:  风景园林  中国古典园林  云  发展历程  营造模式

Key words:  landscape architecture  Chinese classical garden  cloud  development history  construction mode

摘要:

云是常见的自然要素，其丰富的文化内涵与相关艺术经验体现于中国古典园林营造。以历史案例、园图、园记与山水诗文、绘画为研究对象，运用文 献、图像解读以及要素形态、空间构成分析等方法，梳理云的园林营造文化渊源与发展历程，提炼出观云、逗云与拟云3种典型营造模式。云启发了园林的造景观 念，是园林中仙境空间原型的构成要素，并隐喻文人的精神世界。云的园林营造具有“烘托环境-审美对象-造景主题-多样营造”的发展脉络和关联视线、符号、 层次、氛围、材料、体验等内容。古人对云的营造认识具有从感性到理性，最终升华为精神象征的“天人”交融发展过程。研究结果有助于云及其符号和意象的 当代创作应用，也有利于古典园林文化的传承。

Abstract:

Clouds, as a common natural element, have been artistically "transformed, adjusted, processed, and tailored" and introduced into Chinese classical gardens. The aesthetic and creative experiences related to clouds are reflected in the construction of garden spaces and the organization of visual images, and the cultural connotations of clouds have a profound impact on the connotations of garden spaces. This article uses methods such as literature review, schematic analysis, and spatial composition analysis to investigate the cultural origins of cloud construction in classical gardens, explore the influence of aesthetic and creative experiences related to poetry, painting, and clouds on garden construction, and sort out the development context of cloud construction in classical gardens; then summarize the relevant garden construction models, and analyze the characteristics and effects of different design techniques. Clouds and qi (气) are considered to be the origin of the world, and the two can be transformed into each other, and have a relationship of generation and transformation with different natural elements. As a natural observation object, clouds have inspired the concept of garden landscape: the cognition of cloud formation has inspired the aesthetic relationship and landscape construction between garden terrain, rocks, and clouds; clouds are the constituent elements of the prototype space of the fairyland in the garden; clouds are also endowed with the personality of carefree seclusion and are the symbolic elements of the residence of literati and scholars. Clouds have evolved from objective environmental elements to aesthetic objects and landscape themes in gardens through the guidance of aesthetic and creative experiences in related poetry and painting, ultimately exerting a variety of influences in gardens. During the Han and Wei dynasties, clouds were typical elements for setting off the garden environment and were used to highlight the grandeur of buildings; during the Tang dynasty, clouds became an important environmental aesthetic object in gardens, and two environmental aesthetic modes of "watching clouds rise" (看云起) and "lying on clouds" (卧云) were formed in private gardens; during the Song and Yuan dynasties, clouds began to become one of the important landscape themes in gardens; as for the Ming and Qing dynasties, the intervention of clouds in garden construction and the influence of related artistic experiences showed diversity. At this time, clouds were not only a natural element or environmental phenomenon but also reflected the cultural image attributes of gardens. The aesthetic and creative experiences of clouds were widely used in garden construction, related to terrain, rocks, buildings, water bodies, plants, and other elements. The related construction models can be summarized into three categories: cloud viewing, cloud teasing, and cloud simulation. The cloud viewing model uses clouds in the external environment of the garden and includes two types: direct and indirect. The cloud teasing model occurs within the garden and actively creates cloud landscapes, including three types: generating clouds, collecting clouds, and touching clouds. The cloud simulation model involves garden elements such as rocks, buildings, and plants, emphasizing the generation of cloud aesthetic images based on specific visual effects and spatial experiences. The related construction models involve vision, symbols, levels, atmosphere, materials, experience, and so on. The ancient people's understanding of cloud construction has undergone a development process from sensibility to rationality and finally sublimated into a spiritual symbol of "harmony between human and nature" (天人). The construction of clouds in gardens shows the logic of garden cultural development and accumulation from natural elements (functional needs, and visual perception) - artistic experience (poetry and painting expression, specialized vocabulary, and ideas and concepts) - garden environment (construction project). The research results are helpful to the contemporary creative application of clouds and their symbols and images, and also conducive to the inheritance of classical garden culture.