日本历史风致保护规划及实施机制——以金泽市为例

Japan's Traditional Scenery Protection Plan and Implementation Mechanism: Kanazawa as a Study Case

关键词:  风景园林  历史风致  保护规划  实施机制  金泽市

Key words:  landscape architecture  traditional scenery  conservation planning  implementation mechanism  Kanazawa

摘要:

在城市历史景观等理念和方法的指引下，整体化保护历史文化遗产已成为世界多国的共识。日本在制度建设和规划实践等方面做出了诸多探索，而中国 历史景观保护仍存在散点化和制度衔接较差等问题。选取日本金泽市为例，通过收集法规和规划文件等一手资料，梳理其风致保护规划及实施机制，旨在为我国 历史文化遗产的整体保护提供借鉴。研究显示，日本历史风致保护的主要经验在于：1)制定风致法，创造了物质与非物质文化遗产相融合的“历史风致”概念， 指导规划部门对历史文化遗产进行一体化、交融式保护；2)通过打造良好街道空间及文物周边环境等措施，关联单体，实现网络化保护，从而强化老城区的历史 景观特征；3)通过资金支持和对现存法律相关条款的特例化处理，调动基层自治体的积极性，实现各专项规划和相关部门的衔接与合作。综合分析了日本的制度 建设、规划衔接和具体保护模式，能够为我国城市历史景观保护提供理论和实操参考。

Abstract:

Under the guidance of concepts and methods such as urban historical landscapes, the holistic protection of historical and cultural heritage has become a consensus among many countries worldwide. Japan has made significant explorations in the institutional construction and planning practices of historical landscape protection, while China still faces challenges such as the low integration of tangible and intangible cultural heritage protection, poor coordination among protection systems, and difficulties in collaboration among protection departments. This paper selects Kanazawa City in Japan as a study case, collecting primary materials such as regulations and planning documents to analyze its historical landscape protection planning and implementation mechanisms, aiming to provide references for the holistic protection of China's historical landscape. The study found that Japan's main experiences in historical landscape protection include: 1) At the national level, the enactment of the Act on Maintenance and Improvement of Traditional Scenery in Certain Districts, which introduces the concept of "historical landscape" integrating tangible and intangible cultural heritage, guiding relevant departments to adopt an integrated and blended approach to protect historical landscapes, aiming to address the fragmentation between tangible and intangible cultural heritage protection; 2) Expanding the scope of protection centered on historical and cultural heritage, by creating high-quality street spaces and improving the environments around cultural relics, linking individual heritage sites to achieve networked protection, thereby enhancing the historical landscape characteristics of urban historical areas; 3) Shifting from a restrictive to an incentive-driven approach in historical landscape protection, transforming passive protection into active development. The Japanese central government mobilizes local municipalities' enthusiasm for historical landscape protection through special funds for the conservation and construction of historical urban areas, and by making exceptions in the legal provisions of existing multiple protection systems, ensuring horizontal coordination among different protection systems and promoting multi-departmental collaboration at the local government level. At present, the protection of tangible historical and cultural resources in China is elevated to the level of legal protection by integrating specialized plans into statutory planning. While intangible historical and cultural heritage need to be cataloged; however, the organic connection between them has not yet been fully safeguarded. Japan's approach of combining the Act on Maintenance and Improvement of Traditional Scenery in Certain Districts with other systems and the delegation of authority among different departments offers valuable insights for us. In the future, for the holistic protection of urban historical landscapes, China may: 1) Actively promote the integrated protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The protection of urban historical landscapes in China could draw inspiration from proposing a concept that encompasses both tangible and intangible cultural heritage and explicitly require the formulation of protection plans; 2) Advance large-scale and holistic protection. Cultural relics, their surrounding environments, and even the broader urban context should be observed and understood as a whole, from a dynamic perspective. Historical areas should be interwoven with other functional zones through urban morphology and spatial organization techniques; 3) Strengthen vertical and horizontal coordination among institutions and systems. The protection regulations for China's historical and cultural resources are scattered across different regulations. The barriers to coordination and collaboration between protection laws and relevant functional departments are high, hindering the holistic advancement of historical landscape protection. In the future, China may also consider enacting a comprehensive law clarifying under what circumstances certain provisions of existing laws can be exceptionally applied, thereby facilitating the integration of various regulations and transition plans, and coordinating the overall enhancement of urban historical landscapes.