南太湖圩区水乡聚落与圩田水利设施的时空间关系研究

Research on the Temporal and Spatial Relationship between Water Village Settlements and PoldersWater Conservancy Facilities in South Taihu Lake Polders

关键词:  风景园林  圩田水利设施  水乡聚落  南太湖圩区  风土景观系统

Key words:  landscape architecture  polder water conservancy facility  water village settlement  South Taihu Lake polders  vernacular landscape system

摘要:

太湖流域是中国典型的圩区之一，南太湖圩区水利设施与水乡聚落的共生系统不仅代表该流域的人居特色，也是地域文化与生态环境互动的典范。聚焦 圩田水利与水乡聚落两大核心要素，在时空间双重维度上解析两者的历史演进关系，揭示其在时间维度上双向互馈的动态作用机理；在空间维度上，归纳塘溇、 泾浜、溇港和湖漾4种关键水利空间类型及其对应的圩区聚落类型特征，深入探讨水利与聚落要素间多层级的关联作用。圩田水利和水乡聚落通过相互作用共同塑 造了南太湖圩区独特的风土景观系统，深刻影响聚落的发展模式，同时展现对聚落空间的强大适应能力。从关联性视角揭示圩田水利设施类型与聚落空间形态的 耦合关系，将其视为南太湖圩区活态风土景观系统的核心组成部分。这不仅为当下圩区水乡聚落的研究提供了新的理论框架，也有助于推动风土景观体系内的多 学科融合，为南太湖圩区风土聚落景观的保护与更新提供理论依据与实践参考。

Abstract:

As one of China's typical polders, the Taihu Lake basin exemplifies the wisdom of mankind in transforming nature according to local conditions. Its unique water conservancy pattern reflects this, as does the symbiotic system of water conservancy facilities and water township settlements in the South Taihu Lake polders. This system is a prime example of the complexity and dynamism of the basin, which is evident in the terroir and landscape system of the polders. This study focuses on two core elements of polders: water conservancy facilities and water villages. It explores the intrinsic connection between these two elements and how they jointly constitute and influence the overall human settlement. This paper analyzes the historical evolution of their relationship across temporal and spatial dimensions, revealing the dynamic mechanism characterized by two-way reciprocal feedback between the two in the time dimension. In terms of spatial dimension, based on the polder field classifications, four key water conservancy spatial types and their corresponding settlements are summarized and extracted: Tanglou, Jingbang, Lougang, and Huyang. Among these, the Tanglou polder settlements are of interest for their traffic hub characteristics, which serve to illustrate the significant role played by the water network transmission system in the formation and subsequent development of the settlements. As the most numerous type of settlement, the Jingbang polder settlement exemplifies the pervasive influence of traditional agricultural production modes on the settlement's spatial configuration. As a significant component of the regional water control system of South Taihu Lake, the distinctive spatial configuration of the Lougang polder settlement was shaped by the construction of the water control system. In contrast, the Huyang polder settlement is situated in a distinctive hydrological environment and it is more indicative of the capacity to adapt to the nuances of a small-scale natural environment in comparison to other types. Based on this typological framework, further analysis of the correlation between water conservancy and settlement elements at each level reveals not only the interaction pattern between water conservancy facilities and settlement space but also maps out the complex coupling relationship between polder water conservancy and water village settlements across different polder regions. As a consequence of human-induced alterations to the natural environment, polders and water village settlements not only have shaped the distinctive terroir and landscape system found within South Taihu Lake polders through interaction but also have exerted a profound influence on the development mode of the settlements, demonstrating a notable capacity for adaptation to the settlements' spatial context. The mutual feedback between the South Taihu Lake polder water village settlement and the polder water conservancy demonstrates a dynamic relationship characterized by mutual support, promotion, and constraints. The reciprocal role of counteraction, influence, and feedback within this mutual adaptive mechanism drives the continuous evolution of the space within the South Taihu Lake polder. The reciprocal coexistence of water conservancy facilities and public spaces within the polder area forms a symbiotic system characterized by diversity. This study elucidates the interdependent relationship between the typology of polder water conservancy facilities and the spatial morphology of settlements, as observed through a correlation perspective. This is regarded as a pivotal element of the living terroir landscape system in the South Taihu Lake polders. This perspective offers a novel theoretical framework for the study of water village settlements in the Taihu Lake basin and facilitates the multidisciplinary integration of the terroir landscape system. Furthermore, this study is of equal importance for the promotion of the organic renewal of the settlement space in the region, as well as for the sustainable development of water conservancy ecosystems following rapid urbanization