香山风景历史演进及内在动因研究(618—1860年)

Research on the Evolution and Intrinsic Dynamics of the Scenic Landscape of the Fragrant Hill (618-1860 AD)

关键词:  风景园林  香山  风景  演进  内在动因  双线脉络

Key words:  landscape architecture  Fragment Hill  landscape  evolution  intrinsic dynamics  dual line

摘要:

北京西山余脉之一——香山风景的营建始于唐代，历经辽、金、元、明，在清代乾隆朝达到顶峰，出现了香山静宜园这一在香山风景营建史和古典园林 史上具有重要地位的园林。目前对香山风景历史演变的研究较为粗浅，且尚少探讨其演变动因。运用文献研究法，结合GIS软件进行历史空间信息可视化表达， 归纳各时期香山风景性质和特征，凝练香山风景演进的规律和内在动因。研究认为，从唐代到清代，香山的风景沿着宗教名山风景胜地和皇家园林的双线脉络演 进，推动香山风景发展演变的内在动因包括自然地理动因和人文社会动因两方面。研究结果有助于探究名山风景胜地的发展规律，为名山风景保护、现代风景规 划设计如何与自然山水有机融合提供指引。

Abstract:

The landscape development of the Fragrant Hill, a remnant branch of Beijing's Western Hills, originated in the Tang Dynasty and progressed through Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties, reaching its zenith during the Qianlong reign of Qing Dynasty with the establishment of Jingyi Garden - a landscape of paramount significance in both Fragrant Hill's developmental history and Chinese classical garden architecture. Current scholarship on Fragrant Hill's historical evolution remains superficial, with limited exploration of its driving mechanisms. This study employs documentary research combined with GIS-based visualization of historical spatial data to systematically analyze the landscape characteristics across dynastic periods, thereby identifying patterns and intrinsic motivations underlying its evolution. The research reveals that from Tang to Qing Dynasties, Fragrant Hill's landscape evolved through dual trajectories as both a sacred religious site and an imperial garden. As a longstanding religious sanctuary since the Tang era, its temple garden construction persisted throughout history, with the Taoist-inspired water feature "Danjing" (later renamed "Shuangjing") maintaining continuity from the Eastern Jin Dynasty through the Jingyi Garden period. Tang witnessed the initial temple garden construction, followed by the expansion of religious complexes and imperial mausoleums during Liao. Yuan Dynasty saw increased monastic structures and the formulation of the "Eight Scenic Views" system, establishing its status as a sacred mountain landscape. Ming Dynasty marked the peak of temple garden development with enhanced scenic infrastructure and unprecedented visitor numbers, cementing its reputation as the preeminent religious landscape in the Western Hills. Imperial hunting palaces constructed during Jin and Qing Dynasties transformed Fragrant Hill into royal retreats. Jin Dynasty palace, expanded from existing temple complexes, featured magnificent architectural ensembles. In contrast, the Kangxi-era Qing palace embodied understated elegance through discrete structures harmonizing with natural slopes. The Qianlong reign's Jingyi Garden represents the apogee of Fragrant Hill's landscape architecture. Departing from previous palace-templedominated configurations, this comprehensive planning integrated natural topography with architectural elements, synthesizing imperial palaces, temple gardens, and scenic spots into an organic landscape system characterized by rich scenic diversity, multi-functional zones, and garden-within-garden compositions. Intrinsic drivers of landscape evolution encompass both geo-environmental factors and socio-cultural dynamics. The natural geographical drivers encompass three fundamental aspects: the foundational natural landscape enabling evolutionary development, superior regional topography, and advantageous geographical location. Fragrant Hill's distinctive mountain morphology, abundant water resources, and diverse flora/fauna constituted essential material prerequisites for establishing religious temples and landscape gardens. Its exceptional topographic configuration within the regional landscape matrix provided ideal conditions for scenic construction. Simultaneously, Fragrant Hill's transitional position between plains and urban proximity ensured convenient transportation, facilitating its historical roles since the Tang Dynasty as either a religious mountain retreat near capital cities, an imperial hunting palace, or a renowned scenic destination. Regarding socio-cultural drivers, historical narratives imbued Fragrant Hill's natural landscapes with religious, political, and cultural significance, propelling their sacralized development. The proliferation of Buddhism and Taoism catalyzed the establishment of monastic gardens and religiously symbolic landscape features. Literati engagement through travelogues and poetic interpretations fostered the landscape's artistic conceptualization. Power structures, through imperial patronage, direct intervention, or symbolic appropriation, drove the politicized transformation of Fragrant Hill's landscapes. Specifically, ruling elites promoted landscape construction through imperial inspections, financial support, and centralized planning authority, strategically shaping the mountain's spatial configurations to reflect dynastic ideologies and power hierarchies. This research provides valuable insights into sacred mountain landscape development patterns, offering guidance for heritage conservation and contemporary landscape planning that emphasizes organic integration with natural topography.