何以赏冬？——南京瞻园西假山明代暖亭形制 研究

How to Experience the Beauty of the WinterPicturesque?: A Study on the Architectural Formof Nanjing Zhanyuan Garden's Warm Pavilion withthe West Rockery

关键词:  风景园林  南京瞻园  西假山  供暖火房  暖亭  形制研究

Key words:  landscape architecture  Zhanyuan Garden in Nanjing  west rockery  firehouse providing heat source  warm Pavilion  study on the architectural form

摘要:

南京瞻园西假山为明代遗构，据传假山山洞内有一 供暖火房，与西假山顶原有铜亭配套。但查诸历代史籍图册， 均无暖亭图像资料与之印证。现存西假山顶部扇亭为20世纪 50—60年代刘敦桢先生主持瞻园修缮时重建，位置与原山顶 亭址相当。笔者借主持瞻园西假山修缮之机，对几近塌毁的建 筑遗址开展充分探查与测绘研究，发现并判断现瞻园西假山内 坍塌淤塞的砖构设施应是明万历时期所建之供暖火房，以烟道 供暖、地面辐射、铜柱散热方式为山顶暖亭提供热源。这一供 暖方式体现了明代江南王公园林受北方取暖文化影响，在重要 观景建筑营造上采取极其奢华建造方式的园林建筑案例，并且 也因靡费过度在清初即被弃用。暖亭体系虽未能成为江南地区 之后园林建筑的一种范式，但其性质的特殊性及其小冰河时期 在明初江南的出现仍给人们带来诸多启发与思考。以现状勘察 为基础，结合历史图像、文献资料，对瞻园西假山暖亭一组建 筑形制进行复原研究，以期充分揭示这组独特的园林建筑遗产 特色，并对其修缮保护提供依据与参考

Abstract:

The west rockery of Zhanyuan Garden in Nanjing is a relic of Ming Dynasty. In accordance with hearsay evidences, a brick fire house providing heat source was located within the cave structure of the rockery. There was once a copper pavilion on the mountain top of the west rockery that matched with it. However, no evidence was found to confirm the existence of the warm pavilion by referring to historical books and atlases since Qing Dynasty. The existing pavilion at the top of the west rockery was rebuilt in the 1950s when Mr. Liu Dunzhen took charge of the renovation of Zhanyuan Garden. The new pavilion's location was equivalent to its original site at the top of the rockery mountain. In this thesis, the author took the opportunity of renovating Zhanyuan Garden to conduct a thorough mapping analysis and investigation regarding the west rockery on its collapsing architectural site. Brick heating facilities that collapsed and silted up inside Zhanyuan Garden are found and are identified to be built during the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. Flue heating and copper column cooling is used to provide heat source for the warm pavilion on the top of the mountain. This method reflects that gardens of Jiangnan region in the early Ming Dynasty was subject to the impact of the northern heating cultural practices, in which extremely luxurious architectural style was implemented in the construction of important scenic buildings. The practice is later abandoned in the early Qing Dynasty due to excessive spending. Although the warm pavilion system did not become a paradigm for garden architecture in the Jiangnan region, its unique nature determined by the Little Ice Age in the early Ming Dynasty still brought many inspirations and reflections. In this thesis, historical images and literature materials are combined with current investigations to analyze and restore the features of the Warm Pavilion architectural group in the west rockery of Zhanyuan Garden, in case the uniqueness of the garden's architectural heritage could be revealed and become reference for the formulation of repair measures.