从“华宫”到“废墟”：18—19世纪欧洲 圆明园形象之变

From "Splendid Palace" to "Ruin": The ImageChange of Yuanmingyuan in Europe from the 18th tothe 19th Centuries

关键词:  风景园林  圆明园形象  误读  跨文化传播  中 国园林

Key words:  landscape architecture  image of Yuanmingyuan  misconception  cross-cultural communication  Chinese garden

摘要:

在19世纪以前，圆明园是欧洲关注中国园林的一 个焦点，其在欧洲的形象之成形、衍化及原因还充满着诸多 的未知。采用图式比对与文献分析等方法，还原了18—19世 纪在欧洲造园热潮、话语基调转变以及殖民侵略的背景下， “革新之参照”“民族风格的冲击”“归化的东方园林”和 “政治化废墟”4种形象产生与转变的完整历程。在此基础 上，通过剖析“圆明园”初现、转变以及再造的缘由与历 程，不仅明确了欧洲文化、社会及政治对圆明园特殊地位与 焚毁结局的推动作用，亦揭示了圆明园形象衍变的历程也是 欧洲人自我审视与曲解中国园林乃至中国的过程。

Abstract:

Before the 19th century, Yuanmingyuan was a focus of European attention to Chinese gardens, but the formation, evolution and reasons of its image in Europe are still full of unknown. Using the method of image comparison and literature analysis, it reconstructs backgrounds of the Chinese garden boom, discourse change and colonial aggression in Europe from the 18th to the 19th centuries. And it analyzes the complete process of the emergence and transformation of four kinds of images: "Innovation Reference", "The Impact of National Style", "Naturalized Oriental Garden" and "Politicized Ruin". On this basis, it analyzes the causes and courses of the appearance, transformation and reconstruction of "Yuanmingyuan". It not only clarifies the promoting role of European culture, society and politics on the special status of Yuanmingyuan and the end of the burning, but also reveals that the evolution of the image of Yuanmingyuan was also a process in which the Europeans self-examined and misinterpreted Chinese gardens and China.