南宋叠山母本杭州西湖飞来峰岩洞景观考

Research on the Landscape of Feilai Hill Caves in the West Lake,Hangzhou: Origin of Southern Song Dynasty Rockery Art

关键词:  风景园林  飞来峰  岩洞景观  迷宫  叠山

Key words:  landscape architecture  Feilai Hill  cave landscape  labyrinth  rockery art

摘要:

以“峰石”和“岩洞”闻名的杭州西湖飞来峰，是近年来园林史研究关注的焦点。已有研究认识到其是中国古典园林叠石假山重要母本之一，对于飞来 峰“峰石”已有较为深入的探讨，但相比之下其“岩洞”群缺乏系统调查、平面测绘图暂缺、景观特点认识尚不清晰。通过采用现场科考及文献、图像等多重证 据互证的方法，认识到飞来峰山脚的岩洞组群是集中体现飞来峰真实山体特色的关键点位，确认岩洞单体各具特色，并通过首次绘制出完整的飞来峰东北麓岩洞 群平面图，新发现飞来峰东北部岩洞群在道路系统视角具有“洞口多、洞连洞”的复杂交织性，空间结构整体呈现“连续、流动与多功能”特征。其整体岩洞群 洞室特征为：1)岩垂为室、凸显凹藏；2)向心内聚、立体交错；3)连通多向、周回路转，呈现出天然迷宫“有限演绎无限的戏剧性游览体验”。认识到飞来峰岩 洞符合中国古典园林假山洞穴的审美意趣，是相似度最高的天然岩洞之一，补充了飞来峰作为“叠山母本”的相关认识

Abstract:

Feilai Hill of the West Lake in Hangzhou has long been renowned for its distinctive "stones" and "caves", and has been the focus of attention in recent years in the study of the history of Chinese classical gardens, especially in the topic of rockery art. Related research has recognized Feilai Hill as one of the important origins of Chinese classical garden rockery art. The landscape characteristics of the caves and their impact on the rockery art and "stones" should be equally important. Based on historical images and ancient documents, the research on the landscape characteristics of "stones" and their influence on the rockery art has been explored in depth. But in contrast, Feilai Hill's "caves" group research still has three major problems: "the lack of systematic investigation, the absence of precise mapping, and the insufficient summarization of their landscape characteristics". Consequently, this research seeks to address this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of the cave systems at Feilai Hill, emphasizing their spatial dimension and their relevance to the Chinese classical garden's "origin of rockery art". In concrete terms, the study is grounded in a multidisciplinary approach. In this research, we apply the methods of multiple evidence, using the main evidence materials like on-site scientific investigations, related ancient literature, and visual materials such as ancient paintings. As far as discovery is concerned, initially, through meticulous on-site investigation, this research recognizes that the cavern group at the foot of Feilai Hill is the key point to reflect the real mountain characteristics of Feilai Hill, especially the northeastern group. This research first confirms that the three cavern monoliths in this cavern group have their own characteristics and are each distinctive. And at the same time, a complete and precise map of the cavern group at the northeastern foot of Feilai Hill has been drawn for the first time, revealing the cavern group's intricate spatial organization and unique features. Moreover, on the one hand, it is found that the northeastern cavern group has "multitude cave entrances, holes connecting holes" from the viewpoint of the road system. On the other hand, the spatial structure of the whole cavern group is further analyzed to reveal its "continuity, mobility and multi-functionality". Furthermore, the overall cavern group cave features: 1) rock hanging as a room, convex and concave in the space; 2) centripetal cohesion, three-dimensional interlacing; 3) connecting multi-directional, circumferential circuit. Taking the discussion one step further, the space of this cavern group presents a "limited interpretation of the infinite dramatic tour experience" natural labyrinth, where a confined space evokes a sense of boundless wonder. In conclusion, this paper not only advances our understanding of Feilai Hill caves' complexities and unities but also reaffirms their significance in the study of the history of Chinese classical gardens by bridging the research gap, providing a new foundation for future studies on Feilai Hill and rockery art. Ultimately, it is recognized that Feilai Hill caves are in line with the aesthetic interest of Chinese classical garden rockery art, and are one of the natural caves with the highest degree of similarity, all of which add to the understanding of Feilai Hill as the "origin of rockery art" in Chinese classical gardens.