论清代扬州园林假山中的石壁

Research on the Stone Cliff in the Rockery of Yangzhou Gardensin Qing Dynasty

关键词:  风景园林  江南私家园林  扬州园林  石壁假山  遗产保护

Key words:  landscape architecture  private garden in Jiangnan  Yangzhou gardens  rockery with stone cliff  heritage conservation

摘要:

扬州园林之盛甲于东南，而其中叠石假山的艺术风格更是独树一帜，是扬派园林风格至关重要的组成。扬派叠石以其高峻雄厚、石壁逶迤的形态特点著 称，在叠石手法上也以善作石壁闻名，但是细究石壁的具体定义，也存在含混不清的情况。以扬州古典园林中石壁为研究对象，通过历史文献查找、实地案例调 研等方式，对扬州石壁的具体所指、盛行原因进行多方面分析；并从《扬州画舫录》等古籍及现存石壁实物出发，对其应用类型、艺术特征、观赏方式等进行深 层次解析；研究结果不仅有助于理解扬州石壁的历史艺术价值，也为扬州园林假山的研究提供了新的思路

Abstract:

As an important branch of private gardens in the Jiangnan region, Yangzhou gardens have long been acclaimed as "the crown of gardens in the southeast". Their rockery art features a distinctive style and constitutes the core of the Yangzhou school of garden design. Yangzhou rock stacking is renowned for its towering, majestic forms and winding stone cliffs, and is especially celebrated for its masterful construction of stone cliffs. Scholar Chen Congzhou once remarked that the stone cliffs in Yangzhou garden rockeries excel in natural realism, economical material use, and sophisticated spatial organization, surpassing those in Suzhou gardens. Nevertheless, academic understanding of the term "stone cliff" has remained ambiguous: one view regards it as a wallattached rockery, while another emphasizes it as an independent stone structure imitating natural precipices. These two perspectives differ yet lack systematic clarification. This paper takes the stone cliffs in Qingdynasty classical Yangzhou gardens as its research subject. By integrating historical textual research, interpretation of ancient documents, and field investigations of surviving examples, it systematically clarifies the core definition, developmental trajectory, and prevailing causes of Yangzhou stone cliffs. Drawing on classics such as Yangzhou Huafang Lu, Yuanye, and Xianqing Ouji, together with preserved stone cliff relics at Shibiliucong, Geyuan, Heyuan, and Yipu, the study deeply analyzes the typology, artistic characteristics, construction techniques, and viewing methods of Yangzhou stone cliffs. The research demonstrates that a Yangzhou stone cliff generally refers to an upright, precipitous, steep stone structure imitating a mountain face. It includes both large independent stone cliffs and smaller ones attached to buildings or natural slopes, with wallmounted rockeries forming an important subtype. Their prevalence arose from three factors: cultural emulation of southern Anhui landscapes by Huizhou salt merchants, the influence of the "JingGuan painting style" rockstacking trend in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the practical advantage of low construction thresholds, making stone cliffs suitable for smallscale garden sites. According to application scenarios, Yangzhou stone cliffs fall into three categories: independent scenic stone cliffs, which serve as major garden features with imposing momentum; buildingattached stone cliffs (wallmounted rockeries), which adapt flexibly to small gardens and fulfill both scenic and spatialdefining functions; and slopeattached stone cliffs, which rely on natural terrain and combine aesthetic value with structural stability. Artistically, Yangzhou stone cliffs achieve dynamic, graceful forms through cantilever techniques and refined texture through smallstone mosaic methods, embodying a unique aesthetic of "precipitous naturalness". Viewing approaches include upward gaze, which emphasizes lofty grandeur, and horizontal viewing, which reveals an extended pictorial screen. This study not only clarifies the cultural connotation and artistic value of stone cliffs in Yangzhou gardens, filling the research gap on stone cliffs within Yangzhou rockery studies, but also provides theoretical references for the conservation, restoration, and inheritance of Jiangnan garden rockery heritage, supporting the modern revitalization of traditional gardenbuilding techniques.