三明市乡村谱牒图绘中的空间表征及乡土认知研究

Study on Spatial Representation and Local Cognition in the Rural Genealogical Mapping of Sanming City

关键词:  风景园林  乡村谱牒  传统图绘  空间认知  具身性  乡土伦理

Key words:  landscape architecture  rural genealogy  traditional drawing  spatial cognition  embodied  local ethics

摘要:

为厘清乡村谱牒图绘空间表征的内在逻辑及其背后的乡土认知观念，采用空间解构的方法从宏中微3个尺度剖析三明市典型乡村谱牒中村落、组景和坟 茔等图绘信息。结果表明，乡村谱牒图绘以具有空间意识的图示符号表征不同尺度空间的方位、形式、位置、参照基准等信息。具体反映在宏观村域的山水选址 和全域形态，中观聚落的空间布局、路径和边界，以及微观节点的八景与坟茔之中。同时，图绘表征映射了地方群体对多级村落环境的乡土认知：以理想栖居图 式统筹村落全域与山水环境关系；以宗族、神俗和士绅多权合一的乡土伦理作为影响聚落空间布局的内在组织逻辑；并在建筑组织和节点塑造上强化了乡土治理 与人文意涵。通过对乡村谱牒图绘的系统研究，以期为乡土聚落的特色赓续与在地性规划设计提供新视角和理论支撑。

Abstract:

Current spatial cognition and interventions in rural areas predominantly rely on modern architectural frameworks developed by "outsiders". This quantitative and rational approach, detached from direct human experience, often diverges from the intrinsic logic of rural spatial organization and villagers' spatial perceptions. Genealogical maps differ from modern detached planning blueprints created by "outsiders". As representations of multi-scale village spaces developed by ancestral communities during specific historical periods, they serve as invaluable records transmitting spatial information and concepts rooted in ancient spatial cognition systems and local socio-cultural contexts. To clarify the intrinsic logic of spatial representation in rural genealogical maps and underlying rural cognitive frameworks, this study employs spatial deconstruction methodology, categorizing genealogical maps, rural cognition, and village environments into three dimensions: rural cognition (ranging from concrete scenarios to abstract ideals), village environments (divided into node, settlement, and macro-scale levels), and genealogical maps (including tomb sites/Eight Scenic Views, residential areas, and natural landscapes). Through macroto- micro scale analysis, we examine mapping information in typical Sanming City rural genealogies, focusing on villages, settlement landscapes, and burial sites. The case study is located in Sanming City, Fujian Province, where village origins coincide with genealogical compilation periods. Despite modernization impacts, the region retains relatively intact spatial structures that align well with genealogical spatial representations, providing empirical foundations for research on settlement environment reconstruction. Results demonstrate that genealogical maps contain comprehensive settlement construction information encompassing site selection, spatial configurations, architectural layouts, and landscape design elements. The genealogical cartography reveals the profound interactive mechanisms between multi-scale spatial development and local identity formation in settlements. It employs spatially conscious symbolic representations to convey information about orientation, form, location, and reference benchmarks across different scales. This is specifically manifested in: 1) macrolevel site selection and overall landscape configuration within village territories; 2) meso-level spatial layouts, pathways, and boundaries of settlements; 3) microlevel features such as the Eight Scenic Views and burial sites. By coordinating the mountain-water landscapes across these four domains, a geographically optimal living environment is established. At the settlement spatial level, organizational structures vary according to clan dynamics - "common clans under unified leadership, distinct clans with independent governance" - with single-surname villages adopting a concentric layout centered on ancestral halls, while multi-surname villages exhibit diversified spatial balances through interclan integration and coexistence. Temples demonstrate defensive characteristics: "a single temple guards the boundary, multiple temples stand together", while burial sites exhibit "defensive functions within village limits and protective roles beyond". At the node spatial level, the Eight Scenic Views create multisensory experiences tailored to settlement types, whereas burial site arrangements emphasize orientation, boundaries, and topographical contexts, reinforcing clan ancestral land consciousness and property rights logic. These three spatial scales reflect the local identity framework of Yan Ting's two prefectures' ancestors, embodying the collective residential ideals of ancient traditional society - a synthesis of cultural heritage and local ethical norms shaped by diverse stakeholders, including gentry, clans, and religious-sacral institutions. This manifests in three distinct dimensions: The global spatial hierarchy reflects a holistic approach centered on human-centric planning of mountain-water environments; the settlement spatial hierarchy reveals collaborative dynamics and tensions among local communities shaped by the joint influence of gentry and clans, with defensive spatial boundaries rooted in religious and secular beliefs; while the node spatial hierarchy demonstrates cultural empowerment by local gentry, mutual identity recognition among communities, and shared land property consciousness within and across clan groups.