基于福州“三山”保护实践的城市历史风景格局适应 性传承路径探析

Exploring the Adaptive Inheritance Pathway of Historic Urban Landscape Patterns: Insights from theConservation Practice of "Three Mountains" in Fuzhou

关键词:  风景园林  历史风景格局  传承路径  福州“三山”  历史文化名城

Key words:  landscape architecture  historical landscape pattern  inheritance pathway  the "Three Mountains" in Fuzhou  historic and cultural city

摘要:

历史风景格局是城市地缘特征、集体记忆的复合载体与文化延续的关键表征，在现代化进程中对其有效保护与传承，已成为城市风貌保护与空间高质量 发展的重要问题。依托福州“三山”保护实践的显性成效，复盘2008年以来的保护实践历程，提炼城市历史风景格局适应性传承的原理与路径。结果表明，该实 践通过稳定核心结构，显露望山视廊；通过强化系统关联，织补“山-水-城”脉络；通过协同自然人文，践行“还山于民”，使“三山鼎秀”的历史格局在适应现 代化的基础上，以视线可及、路径可达、生活可触的方式复现其在城市空间结构中的主导作用。基于对实践反应的价值认知、空间方法与治理制度的辨析，构建了 “价值引领-要素织补-管控调适”的适应性传承路径，为同类城市历史风景格局适应性传承提供科学依据。

Abstract:

Guided by the philosophical concept of "unity between heaven and humanity", ancient Chinese people consistently viewed cities and their surrounding landscapes as an integrated whole. They incorporated significant natural features into the spatial structure of cities, giving rise to the distinctive landscape-humanity patterns characteristic of ancient Chinese urban environments. Historical landscape patterns serve as composite carriers of a historic city's geographical characteristics and collective memory, while also representing key indicators of cultural continuity. However, since the modern era, alongside urbanization, marketization, and industrialization, these historical landscape patterns have universally faced challenges such as blurred features and structural disintegration. Therefore, their effective preservation and inheritance during modernization have become critical issues for safeguarding the character of historic cities and achieving high-quality spatial development. Fuzhou, a historic and cultural city with over 2,200 years of urban history, has developed through successive dynasties a unique landscape pattern characterized by "the city within the mountains, the mountains within the city" and "three mountains (Wu mountains, Yu mountains, Ping mountains) standing majestically, with the prefecture situated between them". It stands as a quintessential example of ancient Chinese landscape cities. However, influenced by urbanization and limitations in recognizing heritage value, this historical layout rapidly faded. Since the turn of the century, particularly following the 2008 reconstruction of the Zhenhai Tower, Fuzhou has successively promoted initiatives including the Mountain Protection Plan (2008) encompassing the Three Mountains, two rounds of Historic and Cultural City Protection Plans (2010, 2021), and a series of conservation practices. Unlike earlier plans, this phase grounded its strategies in the thinking, principles, and methods of China's urban landscape-making traditions. It focused on dynamically restoring the holistic structural connections within the "Three Mountains" system, seeking an "adaptive" approach to balance rigid preservation with modern demands. Building upon the tangible achievements of Fuzhou's "Three Mountains" conservation efforts, this study reviews the conservation practices from 2008 to 2021, distilling the principles and pathways for the adaptive inheritance of the city's historical landscape. The research indicates that, grounded in the conservation philosophy of "stabilizing core structures, strengthening systemic connections, and harmonizing nature and culture", this practice has restored the dominant role of the "Three Mountains" historical pattern within the urban spatial structure. This was achieved through visual corridor management, ensuring mutual visibility among the mountains and environmental restoration, returning the mountains to the people, all while adapting to modernization. The historical pattern is now reestablished in ways that are visually accessible, path-reachable, and tangibly experienced in daily life. Based on the analysis of the value cognition, spatial methods, and governance systems reflected in practice, this study establishes a framework of "Value Guidance - Element Integration - Regulatory Adaptation" to construct an adaptive pathway for the conservation and transmission of historical landscape patterns: First, by defining the "identity markers" of the mountain-water framework and the “public good” attributes of cultural heritage, the study clarifies their iconic and social values; second, guided by the principles of "visibility, accessibility, and tangibility", the study opens up sightlines, weaves together pedestrian networks, and revives historical memories, linking disparate elements of the landscape into an organic whole; Finally, a "rigid-flexible synergy" management mechanism is established, using a rigid framework to safeguard the order of core spaces and employing flexible strategies to respond to the pressures of dynamic development, thereby achieving the synergistic evolution of historical context and modern development. This approach offers theoretical and practical insights for similar historic cities navigating complex uncertainties during urban renewal phases.