基于全要素保护的风景资源调查与评价方法优化——以武陵源风景名胜区为例

Optimization of Landscape Resources Inventory and Evaluation Approach Based on ComprehensiveConservation: A Case Study of Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area

关键词:  风景园林  风景名胜区  风景资源  风景资源分类  风景资源评价  武陵源风景名胜区

Key words:  landscape architecture  scenic and historic interest area  scenic resource  scenic resource category  scenic resource evaluation  Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area

摘要:

中国风景名胜区是以自然为基底、以人与自然相互作用为特征、具有杰出文化景观价值的国家遗产保护体系，是最具中国特色的自然保护地类型。基于 全要素保护的风景名胜区总体规划，亟须加强对文化景观资源及其价值的认知与保护。以文化景观自然与文化整体性保护的视角，分析现行《风景名胜区总体规 划标准》的风景资源定义和资源分类与评价逻辑，指出风景名胜区资源分类体系不完整、评价对象及保护目标不清晰的问题，以及由此导致的保护实践中人地关 系的冲突和与自然高度关联的中国传统历史文化的流失。以武陵源风景名胜区为例，探究多维度、多层次的风景资源分类及其价值。设立文化景观资源类别，融 合自然与文化，填补自然资源和人文资源保护的鸿沟；围绕价值保护，厘清资源评价逻辑，以文化景观的整体性保护方法为风景名胜区的全要素保护提供清晰的 目标和科学的依据。

Abstract:

Rooted in the traditional philosophical concept of the "Unity of Man and Nature", Scenic and Historic Interest Areas (SHIA) are not merely protected areas but are complex heritage sites characterized by the long-term, profound interaction between human culture and the natural environment, corresponding to the IUCN Category V (Protected Landscapes/Seascapes). Therefore, it presents the most distinctive category within the nation's protected area system. However, amidst the current reform of China's territorial spatial planning and the integration of protected areas, the prevailing "General Planning Standards for Scenic and Historic Interest Areas (GB/T 50298-2018)" have proven inadequate for the new requirements of "comprehensive conservation of all resource elements." This study provides a critical analysis of the current Standards, arguing that the existing resource inventory and evaluation methodologies are conceptually flawed by a tourism-oriented bias. The current framework conflates intrinsic "scenic resources" with utilitarian "tourism assets", leading to a definition that prioritizes visual aesthetics and development potential over holistic heritage value. Furthermore, the rigid binary classification system-which divides resources strictly into "natural" or "cultural" categories-severs the intrinsic connection between nature and culture. This theoretical deficiency leads to the neglect of "Cultural Landscapes", particularly organically evolved agricultural landscapes and associative spiritual sites, thereby causing a fragmentation of the ecosystem and exacerbating conflicts between rigid conservation policies and the sustainable development of local communities. To address these methodological failures, this research proposes an optimized inventory and evaluation framework grounded in the theory of "Cultural Landscape". The core of this optimization is the introduction of "Cultural Landscape" as a third, independent resource category, supplementing the traditional Natural and Human categories. This new category is explicitly defined to include three sub-types: designed landscapes (harmonious engineering or architecture), organically evolved landscapes (such as rural settlements and traditional agricultural systems produced by land-use practices), and associative cultural landscapes (natural features associated with religious beliefs, philosophy, or historical legends). In terms of evaluation logic, the study advocates for decoupling "Heritage Value" from "Utilization Status". It critiques the existing weighted-index method where external factors like transportation accessibility or accommodation facilities disproportionately lower the score of a heritage resource. Instead, a multi-dimensional and multihierarchical evaluation system is established to assess resources based solely on their scientific, aesthetic, historical, and spiritual values across international, national, and local levels.The study validates this optimized framework through an in-depth case study of the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area in Hunan Province, a World Natural Heritage site. The research reveals that the previous 2005 General Planning, constrained by the old Standards, narrowly defined Wulingyuan as a geological heritage site composed of quartz sandstone peaks. This approach identified only 135 scenic spots and largely ignored the region's rich human history, including over 15,000 indigenous residents, their terraced fields, and the "Red Culture" history. The resulting planning policies viewed local communities merely as threats to the "pure" natural landscape, leading to forced ecological relocation and severe human-land conflicts. By applying the optimized methodology, this study conducted a comprehensive re-survey using literature review, field investigation, and community interviews. Technically, the evaluation employed 1 km2 spatial grid units as the basic assessment scale and utilized a "maximum value superposition" method rather than a weighted average. The results successfully identified and graded a wide range of previously overlooked resources, particularly rural cultural landscapes and toponyms associated with historical legends and "Red Culture". The final output is a comprehensive resource value map that accurately reflects the spatial distribution of all heritage elements. This scientific foundation enables the creation of a precise zoning plan that harmonizes strict protection of geological heritage with the recognition of indigenous cultural values and livelihoods. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that integrating the "Cultural Landscape" perspective is essential for safeguarding the authenticity and integrity of China's protected areas, offering a theoretical and practical pathway to resolve the tension between conservation and development in the national spatial planning system.