传统村落景观营建知识研究——基于主体性和系统性的思考

Research on Construction Knowledge of Traditional Village Landscape: Based on Subjectivity and Systematicity

关键词:  风景园林  传统村落景观  主体性  系统性  知识构成  知识脉络

Key words:  landscape architecture  traditional village landscape  subjectivity  systematicity  discursive formation  knowledge vein

摘要:

构建主体性和系统性相结合的研究框架，梳理传统村落景观营建过程中处理主客关系、主体间关系和系统诸要素之间关系的底层逻辑，从本底层、技术层、景观层和动力层4个维度构建传统村落景观营建知识模型。采用分层分类编码的方式剖析知识内涵，并基于知识构成元素之间的逻辑关系和知识与景观之间多对多的对应关系，搭建知识脉络结构，厘清传统村落景观营建知识的生成演变机制。最后以陕西省党家村为例进行实证分析，以期引发更多理论性讨论。

Abstract:

As a complex and open settlement system in rural space, traditional villages are the concrete spatial representation of people's subjective practice activities. Currently, research on traditional village landscapes has reached a plateau: While existing research has extensively explored the local characteristics of traditional village landscapes, the value connotations of traditional village landscapes, the engineering skills of traditional village landscape construction, the protection and inheritance of traditional village landscapes, and the planning and design methods of traditional village landscapes. However, the essential attributes of the traditional village are generally ignored because they are mostly trapped in rationalism. Consequently, it is difficult for case studies led by diversified theoretical perspectives and iteration of technical models to fundamentally think out of the box. Based on this, this paper builds a research framework that combines subjectivity and systematicity, and sorts out the underlying logic of dealing with the relationships between subject and the object, inter-subject relations, the elements of system in the construction process of traditional village landscapes, which is manifested in complying with the characteristics of the local environment, keeping order between the subjects and objects, and seeking the harmony and stability of the elements of the system. Then, the general knowledge model for deconstructing the characteristics of traditional village landscape construction is constructed from four dimensions: background, technical, landscape and power, that is, the natural and humanistic environment in which traditional village is situated, the types and hierarchical connotation of construction knowledge of traditional village landscape, the carrier and its veining structure of construction knowledge of traditional village landscape, and the generation and evolution mechanism of construction knowledge of traditional village landscape. This model dissects the connotation of knowledge by employing hierarchical classification and coding number, and based on the logical relationships such as support, constraint, condition, coordination, complementarity, crossfeed and juxtaposition among constituent elements of knowledge - including humanity elements, declarative elements,procedural elements and application conditions of knowledge - and the many-to-many correspondence relationship between knowledge and landscapes, it sets up three venation structures of knowledge: the life-sustaining vein, the driving vein, and the spiritual vein. Additionally, it elucidates the generation and evolution mechanism of construction knowledge of traditional village landscape under the collaborative influence of self-organization and hetero-organization. Finally, taking Dangjia Village in Shaanxi Province as an example for empirical analysis, it is found that the landscape construction of Dangjia village has respectively developed the life-sustaining knowledge vein of "choosing auspicious places to live and adapting to the local environment for growth", the driving knowledge vein of "seeking practicality in the inside and defending troubles on the outside" and the spiritual knowledge vein of "emphasizing both etiquette and law, while attaching equal attention to wealth and education". They are under the joint influence of supporting force, constraining force, creativity, shaping force, integration force, and harmonizing force provided by local natural environment and humanistic environment, such as habitable but with limited carrying capacity of the natural environment base, prosperous commercial activities, and regional cultural tradition that focuses on etiquette and moral education. From the perspective of knowledge, this paper creatively proposes a thinking framework that vertically connects different levels and different types of landscapes in traditional villages. It believed that the knowledge vein structure composed of "element-vein" can be used as a discursive formation to recognize and deconstruct the logic of traditional village landscape construction to further explore the vernacular and locality characteristics contained in it, thereby enriching the theoretical research of traditional villages and providing reference for the planning and design practices, for example protection, revitalization and renewal of traditional village landscapes.