遗产空间建构视野下岭南古塔的营建空间分布、生态智慧及人文特质

Research on the Characteristics of Spatial Distribution, Ecological Wisdom, and Humanistic Feature of Lingnan Ancient Pagoda from the Perspective of Heritage Space Construction

关键词:  风景园林  遗产保护  空间分布  生态智慧  岭南古塔

Key words:  landscape architecture  heritage preservation  spatial distribution  ecological wisdom  Lingnan ancient pagoda

摘要:

具有典型全域性历史文化景观资源特性的古塔遗产，面临资源碎片化分布、遗产间传导关联性弱，以及基础研究薄弱等现实问题。在提出构建区域文化遗产空间体系的时代需求下，古塔遗产保护面临新转向。以355个岭南古塔样本为研究对象，总结古塔总体空间及功能、样式等营建特征的分布规律，并探索其蕴含的生态智慧与人文特质。结果显示：岭南古塔呈两横一纵“干字中心型”空间分布，古塔的功能性质、平面形制、材料及门窗样式等营建特征在空间分布上呈现独特规律；古塔营建受岭南传统文化地理分区影响较小，而受局部自然地理影响较大，呈现“点缀山原，立足平坡，沿河面海，向心集聚”的地域景观特征；结合区域社会文化差异，可划分出梅州-潮汕风水功能主导区与珠三角兴文功能主导区；岭南建塔技艺水平则呈现“中部较高、二三层级交错分布”的区域差异格局。

Abstract:

Chinese ancient pagodas represent a distinctive architectural heritage, rich in ecological wisdom and serving as vital historical and cultural landscape resources. They integrate natural and cultural values, yet their preservation faces multiple challenges, including fragmented spatial distribution across scales, weak interconnections among heritage types, and insufficient spatiotemporal research. These issues must be addressed to enhance the overall conservation of pagoda heritage. In the context of China's national spatial planning reform, there is a growing emphasis on constructing regional cultural heritage spatial systems. This brings both new challenges and opportunities for the preservation of ancient pagodas. The Lingnan region in southern China hosts ancient pagodas with distinctive regional characteristics, whose values and features still require deeper investigation. Focusing on the construction of a regional heritage space in Lingnan, this study examines 355 ancient pagodas to analyze their distribution patterns, construction features, ecological wisdom, and humanistic qualities. The goal is to support the assessment of pagodas' resource endowment value under national spatial planning needs and to promote the protection of regional heritage landscapes. Using spatial analysis methods, the study findings are as follows: 1) The distribution of Lingnan ancient pagodas forms a "干"-shaped pattern, characterized by "multi-point agglomeration". The distribution centers on Guangzhou, which has the highest density of pagodas, with the broader Guangdong area serving as the core node in the spatial network. 2) Construction characteristics reveal unique distribution patterns: Fengshui pagodas and Wenfeng pagodas form separate clusters; hexagonal and octagonal pagodas show small-scale clustering at the micro level but broader integration at the macro level; stone and rammed earth materials are distributed according to the locations of raw material sources; pagoda doors and windows with "Gui"-shaped openings spread along waterways, while those with "Hu"-shaped styles are confined to northern Guangdong. 3) The construction of Lingnan ancient pagodas is influenced more significantly by the natural geographical environment than by cultural-geographical zoning. They display traits such as "dotting mountain ranges, anchoring gentle slopes, following rivers facing the sea, and converging centrally". In certain areas, the building materials are notably durable and corrosion-resistant, demonstrating high adaptability to Lingnan's hot and humid subtropical climate. 4) Socio-cultural differences are also evident: the Meizhou-Chaoshan area emphasizes Feng Shui concepts tied to prosperity and decline, while the Pearl River Delta prioritizes cultural prosperity. The technical skill level of pagoda construction shows clear spatial differentiation, described as "highest in the central region, with other areas exhibiting staggered tiers". This research enhances professional understanding of Lingnan ancient pagodas and provides a foundation for interpreting their regional characteristics and advancing landscape conservation. It also introduces a regional perspective for cultural heritage studies, offering insights applicable not only to pagoda heritage but also to the valuation and preservation of other heritage types. Ultimately, by contributing to a systematic spatial system for Lingnan ancient pagodas, this study supports the holistic preservation of cultural heritage.