从“生物”到“生命”：中国风景园林学科专业初创时期自主性建构及其反思

From "Organism" to "Life": Reflection on the Autonomy Construcion of China's Landscape Architecture Discipline in Its Initial Stage

关键词:  风景园林  自主性  生物  生命  规划设计  人与自然

Key words:  landscape architecture  autonomy  organism  life  planning and design  human and nature

摘要:

中国风景园林学科专业迄今仍面临核心观念模糊等问题，探寻其自主性至关重要。以学科“内核”概念的演进为线索，结合其与外部系统的互动，探究历史脉络与变易之理，洞察自主性的深层动因与意蕴，以把握自主之“道”。通过剖析陈俊愉“以生物学为中心”的办学实践及“三境论”等理论进展，明晰“生物”观与“生命”观的递嬗关系——这一演进既为学科初创时期的跨学科合作奠定确定性根基，又承载了中国式生命实践哲学的主客互动内力。进一步揭示“生命”作为贯穿对象与行动、人与自然关系的核心因素，在实践中与西方“有机体”等外来理论的交互过程与机制，以及由此自然显露的风景园林内在驱动力、能动性与主体性内涵。重申“内核”动态演进的历史价值，确认其是与时代需求、外部影响持续互动的“活的传统”；指出自主性的本质在于开放中坚守的魄力与保有自我定义权的能力，需在“内核精神(道)”与“时代实践(器)”的辩证统一中回应自我与未来。

Abstract:

The Chinese discipline and profession of landscape architecture faces issues such as an ambiguous definition of core concepts, and it is crucial to clarify its autonomy. While criticizing the rigid and closed concept of autonomy, previous studies have continuously explored and reconstructed the essence of autonomy, opening up a research space that is both critical and constructive for examining and reflecting on the autonomy of landscape architecture. Taking the transformation and continuous evolution of the discipline's "core" as the clue, this study enters the dynamic context of interactions between the "core" of landscape architecture and external systems such as knowledge, politics, economy, and education, sorting out the trajectory of its historical development and the principles of its changes. Consequently, it reflects on and explores the internal driving forces, agency, and subjectivity embodied in three dimensions of landscape architecture: its essential meaning, action potential, and identity awareness. Furthermore, it fully excavates the deep-seated motivations and rich connotations of the autonomy of the landscape architecture discipline and profession, so as to grasp the "Tao" of disciplinary autonomy at the spiritual level. This study first clarified the evolutionary relationship between the "biological" view and the "life" view, as well as the profound roots of the "life" view in the Chinese cultural context, by analyzing Chen Junyu's biology-centered educational orientation, the closely related scenic area planning and design practices, and the theoretical evolution such as Sun Xiaoxiang's "Three Realms Theory". Meanwhile, this study has re-recognized that under the influence of external driving forces such as Soviet impacts and Western ecology, the conceptual evolution represented by the "biology-centered" core cognitive concept not only provided a solid foundation of certainty for interdisciplinary cooperation in the initial stage of the discipline's establishment but also, with its inherent subject-object interaction capacity, carried the philosophy of Chinese-style life practice and demonstrated the deep governing power of the origin of life in landscape architecture. On this basis, the study further sorted out diverse core cognitive concepts such as "horizon", "yingzao", and "jing-qi-di". Combined with an in-depth analysis of the course of historical practices (e.g., the courtyard organization and greening design of Tiananmen Square, and the green space planning in the Greater Shanghai Plans) and practical contexts during the initial stage of the discipline, it revealed that "life", through practical forms rich in internal tension and connotations such as "unity" (e.g., "outdoor living room" and "human circulatory system"), has become a core factor running through the relationships between objects and actions, and between humans and nature. Through this, the study identified the interaction processes and operational mechanisms between the "life" core of landscape architecture in practice and interdisciplinary fields such as architecture and urban planning, external social systems such as the economic environment, foreign theories such as "organism", and Western dualistic thinking. It also revealed the unceasing rhythm of life inherent in landscape architecture, the innate connection of life instincts, and the intrinsic unity of life itself that naturally emerged from these interactions. This study reiterates the historical value of the dynamic evolution of the "core", confirming that it is not a rigid traditional specimen but a "living tradition" that continuously interacts with the needs of the times and external influences. In conclusion, the essence of autonomy lies in the courage to uphold principles in openness and the ability to maintain the right to self-definition amid intense interactions. It is necessary to respond to the development and future challenges of the discipline and profession through the dialectical unity of "core spirit (Tao)" and "era-specific practice (Qi)".