基于眼动追踪的城市健康社区公共空间设计策略研究——以社区3类主要公共空间为例

Exploring Public Space Design Strategies for Urban Health Communities through Eye-tracking: A Case Study of Three Space Types

关键词:  风景园林  健康社区  眼动追踪  人群特征差异  循证设计

Key words:  landscape architecture  healthy community  eye-tracking  population characteristics' difference  evidence-based design

摘要:

通过城市规划设计优化社区建成环境是促进居民身心健康的重要方式。随着神经科学领域研究方法引入规划设计研究，神经生理测度手段在社区空间心 理感知领域得到创新性应用，有效弥补了传统研究方法客观性欠缺和心理感知关注不足等问题，有助于根据生理基础差异探究人群分异，为健康社区规划设计提 供更加科学的理论依据。基于广州健康城市规划导则项目中社区层次的研究，以3类社区主要公共空间为研究对象，采用眼动追踪实验方法，收集了20位被试的 视觉行为特征数据和主观偏好评价数据，总结出对居民具有正向健康促进效应的空间场景特征和形式，识别场景中发挥健康促进效应的具体设计要素，并从年龄 和性别视角探讨其中的居民群体分异。结果显示，在特定绿色空间、活动空间和交通空间场景中,对不同年龄和性别居民具有积极心理健康影响的设计要素特征存 在明显差异；基于此，探讨了眼动追踪实验对于健康社区公共空间设计优化的循证意义。创新性建构了规划设计导向下的神经科学实验框架，应用眼动追踪技术 方法探讨不同类型城市社区空间对居民的心理感知与健康影响，并用于指导具体社区规划设计实践；在理论层面丰富了中国健康社区规划循证设计理论体系，在 实践层面丰富以人为本的规划设计实证，对于提升中国健康社区建设可操作性具有一定的参考价值。

Abstract:

Optimizing community-built environments through urban planning and design enhances residents' physical and mental health. Integrating neuroscience methodologies into planning studies has introduced neurophysiological measurement techniques to assess psychological perception of community spaces. These innovations address the limitations of traditional research methods, improving objectivity and enabling the exploration of population differentiation based on physiological characteristics, thereby providing a scientific foundation for healthy community planning. Building on the community-level research achievements of Guangzhou's Healthy City Planning Guidelines project, this study further focuses on three types of public spaces in urban communities. Employing an eye-tracking experimental methodology, visual behavior characteristics and subjective preference evaluation data were collected from 20 participants. The research summarizes spatial scene features and forms that positively contribute to residents' health promotion, identifies specific design elements that enhance health effects, and examines population differentiation from the perspectives of age and gender. The findings reveal significant variations in the characteristics of design elements that positively influence mental health across different age and gender groups within specific green spaces, activity spaces, and traffic spaces. First, the experimental results reveal the main features of residents' preferred spatial scenes. In the selected experimental scenes, residents tend to choose green spaces with a certain degree of enclosure and occlusion, leisure facilities, and abundant plant landscape, and spaces with rich colors and layers can bring significant comfort. Meanwhile, residents prefer activity spaces with multiple facilities and green plants, and results indicate that well-defined spatial functions and dynamic zoning can effectively enhance residents' sense of security. In addition, pedestrian spaces with a strong sense of enclosure, quiet surroundings, equipped with riding lanes, and clear functional division are more likely to be chosen. Second, preference for spatial scene types is related to age and gender factors. For green space, the youth group and female group prefer colorful scenes, while men and middleaged and senior residents prefer scenes with green tones. People of different ages and genders prefer green spaces with different shade levels. To construct better green space, clusters of green plants with various scene characteristics can be created to meet the recreation needs of all kinds of people. In terms of activity space, the youth group and female group prefer the space with rich design and high playability, while the male and middle-aged groups prioritize practicality, requiring rest facilities or observation areas. In addition, most types of people pay more attention to green plants and diversified activity facilities. According to the above findings, it is necessary to pay attention to the allocation of green plants in the design of community activity spaces. For traffic space, the youth group pays more attention to the vitality elements such as commerce, culture, and greenway, while the female, middle-aged, and elderly groups prefer leisure space with abundant green plants. Therefore, the differentiated design of the community main street and living street can be adopted to meet the use preferences of different groups of residents. Building on these results, the article explores the evidence-based implications of eye-tracking experiments for optimizing public space design in healthy communities. In the planning and design of community public space, key points can be clarified by combining with the structural characteristics of the community population, so as to create an ideal and comfortable public space for more residents and improve residents' physical and psychological well-being. For old communities with an urgent need to improve space quality and limited space and funds for renovation, the experimental evidence from eye tracking experiments can be used as a reference for decision-making to determine where the resources should be mainly invested, contributing to the efficiency of creating public spaces that can promote residents' health. This research innovatively applies neuroscience within urban planning, using eye-tracking to assess psychological perception and health impacts of community spaces. It enriches evidence-based design theory for healthy community planning in China, providing scientific support for human-centered urban design. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches, merging neuroscience with urban planning to create practical design strategies.