承载集体记忆的活态遗产——城市老公园的类型与多元价值认知

Living Heritage Carrying Collective Memory: Classification and Multiple Value Perception of Old Urban Parks

关键词:  风景园林  城市老公园  集体记忆  活态遗产  价值认知

Key words:  landscape architecture  old urban park  collective memory  living heritage  value perception

摘要:

长期以来，表象上缺少典型文物特征的老公园在城市更新中往往得不到足够的重视，究其原因是缺少对城市老公园的社会学价值认知。为此，在界定城 市老公园定义和类型的基础上，借助集体记忆理论，将城市老公园视作一种活态遗产，从团体记忆、社区记忆、地方记忆和国家记忆4个层级剖析其对于不同集 体的多元价值，构建一种自上而下与自下而上相结合的城市老公园价值认知体系。结果表明：第一类老公园(历史名园)的价值已得到公认，并受到相关文件的保 护；第二类老公园(近现代代表性城市公园)更侧重于代表性与历史见证价值，而非突出普遍价值；第三类老公园(建成30年以上的一般城市公园)因其与社区的稳 定联系，成为地方感构建的重要场所。在此基础上，4个层级的记忆划分将3类老公园的价值评定对象从物质客体转变为“人”与老公园的关系：团体记忆依托文 本、职业等维系，构建老公园价值评估的群体框架；社区记忆展现老公园容载的社区人地依恋与公共交往功能；地方记忆凸显老公园的地方文化身份认同作用； 国家记忆则是老公园作为宏大叙事场域的层积结果

Abstract:

For an extended period, the old parks, which lack the typical characteristics of cultural relics, are often not given enough attention in the urban renewal process. This neglect stems from a lack of recognition of the sociological value inherent in these parks. In the current context of urban renewal, effectively preserving and extracting cultural-historical information from old parks, and transforming it into collective memory has emerged as a key challenge for the living conservation and revitalization of these parks. Therefore, after defining the concept and types of old urban parks, this research employs collective memory theory to consider old urban parks as living heritage. By analyzing their diverse values for different collectives across four dimensions - group memory, community memory, place memory, and national memory, this research establishes a comprehensive value perception system that integrates both topdown and bottom-up perspectives. This research posits that the value of the first category of old parks (historical parks) has been widely recognized and protected by relevant policies; the conservation priorities focus on maintaining the resilience of spatial configurations and ensuring the integrity of surrounding landscape buffer zones. The second category of old parks (representative modern and contemporary urban parks) reflects the influence of social structures, economic conditions, cultural contexts, and urban development processes on urban parks across different historical periods, which places greater emphasis on representativeness and historical witness value, rather than on the outstanding universal value. The third category of old parks (general urban parks built over 30 years) plays a crucial role in constructing a sense of place due to their deeprooted connections with local communities. Building on this framework, the four-tier memory classification shifts the focus of value assessment of the three types of old parks from material objects into the evaluation of the relationship between "people" and these parks. Group memory is sustained through texts and vocations, while the formation of old parks is the product of accumulated professional practices over time, providing a foundational collective framework for assessing park value. Community memory highlights the place attachment and social interactions facilitated by the parks, functioning to strengthen social bonds among community members, and has become the most easily overlooked factor in the renovation of old parks due to its fragility. Place memory underscores the parks' role in fostering place cultural identity, which is the ongoing manifestation of local culture and civic ethos, cultivating place meaning through prolonged human-environment dynamics. National memory is the result of the layering of old parks serving as a grand narrative field. When history is activated, repeatedly brought up and even updated in a certain real context, and when this reality encompasses almost all the political and emotional demands of the entire nation, a common history is likely to become a shared national memory. This paper transcends the conventional ontological limitations in valuing old urban parks, establishing the relationship between diverse collectives and these landscapes as the epistemological foundation for significance assessment. Within contemporary socio-temporal contexts, this paradigm offers a more cogent articulation of landscape architecture's vital contributions to national identity, societal cohesion, and communal well-being. It thereby furnishes both theoretical underpinnings and a practical basis for the conservation and development of old urban parks, propelling the inheritance and perpetuation of cultural heritage and collective memory