中国传统村落空间分布影响因素及特征研究

Study on the Influencing Factors and Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution of Traditional Chinese Villages

关键词:  风景园林  中国传统村落  空间分布  影响因素  规律特征

Key words:  landscape architecture  Chinese traditional village  spatial distribution  influencing factor  regular characteristics

摘要:

以8 155个国家级传统村落为研究对象，基于ArcGIS技术从自然地理、社会经济和历史文化等多个维度，通过对传统村落空间分布与地形、高程、水 系、用地、人口、经济、历史变迁和民族语系等不同因子的叠置分析，深入探讨中国传统村落的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果显示：1)我国传统村落呈现出 “四集聚、多组团、广分布”的空间格局；2)传统村落分布受自然地理环境影响，主要分布在丘陵和低山平原地区，并遵循“以水定村”的选址理念和规律，依 附中小型河流，集中分布于河谷地区；3)传统村落的分布与经济发展密切相关，是中国古代经济格局变迁的重要例证，也是当地特色产业的基石；4)在自然地 理、社会经济和历史文化等多重因素的共同影响下，提出中国传统村落地理环境的地缘性、社会人文的人缘性、历史文化的文缘性、经济活动的业缘性，以及政 策治理的政缘性，揭示了传统村落内外部的复杂关系与相互依赖性。研究结果不仅深化了对传统村落空间布局及其影响因素的理解，而且为传统村落的保护、可 持续发展和乡村振兴策略提供了重要的理论依据和实践指导。

Abstract:

A traditional village refers to a settlement that was formed relatively early, possesses a wealth of cultural and natural resources, and holds certain historical, cultural, scientific, artistic, economic, and social values, and thus should be protected. Among the many research directions of traditional villages, the study of their spatial distribution and influential factors has attracted particular attention. This study takes 8,155 national-level traditional villages as the research objects and, based on ArcGIS technology, examines multiple dimensions, including natural geography, socioeconomics, and historical culture. By overlaying analyses of the spatial distribution of traditional villages with various factors such as topography, elevation, hydrology, land use, population, economy, historical changes, and linguistic families, the study systematically and deeply explores the spatial distribution characteristics and influential factors of traditional villages in China. The results reveal the following findings: 1) Traditional villages in China exhibit a spatial pattern of "four clusters, multiple groups, and extensive distribution". In terms of quantity and density, the distribution of villages shows a distinct trend of "decreasing from the Southeast and Southwest to the Northwest and Northeast", forming significant gradient differences. 2) The distribution of traditional villages is influenced by natural geographical environments, primarily located in hilly and low mountain plain areas, and following the principle of "situated by water", they are attached to small-and medium-sized rivers and are densely distributed in river valley areas. 3) The distribution of traditional villages is closely related to socio-economic development: They are concentrated in agricultural areas dominated by paddy fields and dryland, and the population outflow from traditional villages is significant. Therefore, the core issue of traditional village protection is to retain residents. Traditional villages are closely related to the economy but are not antagonistic; through scientific, rational, and effective revitalization, it is possible to balance the protection and development of traditional villages. 4) Historical accumulation and the integration of multicultural ethnicities are closely related to the emergence of traditional villages, not only serving as the intrinsic driving force for the formation of a large number of rich, diverse, and vibrant traditional villages, but also providing clues for further exploration of traditional villages. 5) The diversity and complexity of traditional villages cannot be explained by a single factor. From the geographically based environmental factors to the socially and culturally based human relationships, historical and cultural heritage, economic activities, and policy governance, these five major factors are interwoven and work together to form a complex network of traditional village development. The following suggestions can be derived from the conclusions to address the challenges faced by traditional villages in the process of modernization and to fully utilize their characteristics: 1) Strengthen the integration of geographically based resources; 2) Promote cultural exchanges based on human relationships; 3) Deepen the exploration of cultural heritage; 4) Develop new models of economic development based on economic activities; 5) Enhance policy support and guidance based on governance. This study aims to reveal the systematic characteristics of traditional villages and provide a scientific basis for protection and sustainable development strategies, contributing to the preservation and inheritance of historical and cultural heritage. The research results not only deepen the understanding of the spatial layout and influential factors of traditional villages but also provide important theoretical and practical guidance for the protection, sustainable development, and rural revitalization strategies of traditional villages.