面向未来的回溯：从哈普林的威拉米特河谷规划审视城市基础设施转型

Retrospect for Prospect: Insights into Urban Infrastructure Transformation from Lawrence Halprin's Willamette Valley Plan

关键词:  风景园林  基础设施转型  生态规划  公交导向型发展  情景规划  城市增长边界  开放空间

Key words:  landscape architecture  infrastructure transformation  ecological planning  TOD  scenario planning  urban growth boundary  open space

摘要:

20世纪60—70年代，美国快速的城市蔓延引发了环境承载力、供需关系、公私利益等方面的生态和社会矛盾。由劳伦斯·哈普林主持编制的《威拉米 特河谷规划》，将“生态优先”理念落实为综合性区域规划，并且直接推动了美国首个在全州范围内具有法律效力的土地使用法规体系。从生态性与协同性2个维 度对该规划进行审视：生态性方面，规划较早提出了以“生态优先”为核心的区域综合发展原则，创新性地引入了“城市增长边界”(UGB)概念；协同性方面， 规划运用情景规划方法，综合性地设定了土地利用、交通系统、开放空间与游憩设施等7个议题。在此基础上，规划有效整合了交通基础设施和土地资源，在“公 交导向型发展”(TOD)概念正式提出之前，就推动了相关实践探索。通过回顾该规划的政策导向、社会发展、自然环境和智识性基础等背景，解析“生态优先” 的规划方法和理论创新。该规划对中国城市更新背景下的城市基础设施转型具有理论启示与实践借鉴价值，特别体现在推动交通基础设施与开放空间融合、政策 和规划的制定与实施，以及基础设施的范式转型等方面。

Abstract:

In the 1960s and 1970s, rapid urban sprawl in the United States intensified environmental and social conflicts, specifically related to ecological carrying capacity, supply-demand relationships, and public-private interests. The Willamette Valley Planning: Choices for the Future, led by Lawrence Halprin, translated an "ecology-first" philosophy into a comprehensive regional planning approach, directly influencing the establishment of the first state-level, legally binding land-use regulatory system in the U.S. This paper examines the contributions of the Willamette Valley plan through two analytical dimensions: ecological integrity and systemic coordination. From an ecological perspective, the plan was among the earliest to articulate regional comprehensive development principles centered on ecological priorities, notably introducing the innovative concept of the Urban Growth Boundary (UGB). Regarding systemic coordination, the plan applied scenario-based planning methods to comprehensively address seven interconnected themes, including land use, transportation networks, and open space and recreational facilities. By effectively integrating transportation infrastructure with land resources, the plan pioneered early practices that preceded the formalization of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). Through a historical review of its broader political, economic, societal, environmental, and intellectual contexts, this study critically analyzes the innovative methodologies and theoretical foundations underlying the "ecology-first" approach of the Willamette Valley plan. The findings offer valuable theoretical insights and practical implications for urban infrastructure transformation under the contemporary framework of urban regeneration in China, particularly in fostering integration between transportation infrastructure and open space systems, formulating and implementing effective policies and planning practices, and promoting paradigm shifts toward resilient and ecologically-sensitive infrastructure systems. Within the current strategic context of urban regeneration in China, characterized by a paradigm shift from incremental expansion to inventory-based urban regeneration, infrastructure continues to play an irreplaceable leading role, serving as a strategic instrument for governments to facilitate and steer urban regeneration initiatives.