流动的兰亭：清末广州文人修禊交游中的园林体验

The Flow of "Lanting": Garden Experience of Guangzhou Intellectuals through Purification Ceremoniesduring Late Qing Period+V60J60:X60J60:Z60J60:X60L60J60:W60J60:W60

关键词:  国家自然科学基金面上项目(51578242)  《广州大典》与广州历史文化研究资助专项课题(2022GZLW05)  中央高校基本科研业务费重大成果培育项 目(CGPY202415)

Key words:  landscape architecture  lanting (orchid pavilion)  garden experience  garden communion  Lingnan garden  Poetry Anthology of Purification Ceremony at Gengshen Year (Gengshen Xiuxi Ji)

摘要:

关注“兰亭”在不同时代和地域园林中如何以一种流动的文化体验得以转换和延续。以诗文集《庚申修禊集》作为研究材料，探寻清末广州文人修禊交 游中的园林体验。探讨兰亭空间的“生成”、修禊交游的“网络”和园林体验的“编织”。清末广州园林中，“兰亭”代表着文人文化传统。具体修禊时，不拘 泥于临水、山林、曲水等具体景观形式，而在不同园林中转化为特定情境中的体验。不像取景框似的局限在一时一地，而是以不同的文化体验路径游走其中。 关 键 词：风景园林；兰亭；园林体验；园林交游；岭南园林；《庚申修禊集》

Abstract:

Purification ceremonies are common social activities in Chinese gardens. Since Wang Xizhi held a purification ceremony at Lanting in Shaoxing in 353 A.D., it has become a hallmark of the social interactions among literati until modern times, as an important means of expressing interests and exchanging ideas. Therefore, it represents an indispensable experience in gardens. Current research on garden purification ceremonies mainly focuses on the physical site of "Lanting" and its pictorial imagery, especially on how the "meandering stream for floating cups" evolved from a ritual to a landscape paradigm and its specific construction, or the ideological stance and sentiments behind the people's participation in the purification ceremonies. Overall, the garden space associated with "Lanting" is continuously generated in the purification ceremonies, involving a network of relationships composed of people, things, texts, and institutions. The experience of "Lanting" in the garden is woven together in the specific perception of the purification ceremonies. Therefore, this paper pays more attention to the flow of "Lanting", that is, how it is transformed and continued as a dynamic experience rather than a constant entity in gardens across different times and places. Based on the bi-polarity of classical Chinese correlative thinking and the concept of "wandering viewing" (you guan), and drawing on the methods of "becoming", "Actor-Network Theory" (ANT), and "meshwork". This paper explores the "becoming" of the “Lanting”, the "network" of Lanting purification ceremony social interactions, and the "meshwork" of garden experiences. The specific material for interpretation, "Gengshen Xiuxi Ji", records 11 purification ceremonies in 6 Guangzhou gardens during the Second Opium War in 1860. Its uniqueness lies in the simultaneous display of the rich Lanting experiences presented by different types of gardens in various contexts, which helps to understand the construction, memory, and recreation of "Lanting" originating from the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the garden social network of late Qing Dynasty Guangzhou. The interpretation begins with a "distant reading" approach to read the "Gengshen Xiuxi Ji", based on the garden, social, and textual information of the 11 garden purification ceremonies, to overview the basic logic of the network construction process and the experience method. On this basis, a "close reading" analysis is conducted, using the specific landscape experience paths of purification ceremony social interactions as clues, to interpret how the Gengshen purification ceremonies of Guangzhou literati transformed the cultural imagery of the Eastern Jin Dynasty's Shanyin Lanting into a garden experience of the late Qing era, specific to Guangzhou and the particular moment. The study finds that: 1) The network of "Lanting": In each specific purification ceremony social activity, elements such as literati, landscape, architecture, flowers and trees, rocks, birds, fish, insects, calligraphy and painting, brushes and ink, etc., and people's experiences together form a dynamic network of experience. These people, things, and events, as dynamic nodes, provide the basis for the continuous reorganization and regeneration of the "Lanting" experience. 2) The "wandering viewing" (meshwork) method: The traditional Chinese "wandering viewing" method allows people to dynamically move within the above network system when in gardens, not limited to a specific time and place like a viewfinder, but to move along different experience paths, enabling "Lanting" to continuously "generate" in the re-experience and interpretation of different times and spaces in later generations. 3) The Lanting in local gardens: The inheritance of the Lanting purification ceremony is not confined to specific landscape forms such as water, forests, and meandering streams. These objects present different scenes and contexts in each garden purification ceremony activity, adapting to the specific garden experiences. In the 1860 purification ceremony social activities in various gardens in Guangzhou, "Lanting" emerged in wandering viewing experiences on the boat on the Pearl River and pavilions in the downtown, as a pathway to highlight and construct Guangzhou's cultural identity.