公地·自然·遗产：梁思成的“公园” 理念研究

Commons, Nature and Heritage: A Study on Liang Sicheng's Notion of "Public Park"

关键词:  风景园林  梁思成  公园理念  公地  自然  遗产

Key words:  landscape architecture  Liang Sicheng  notion of public park  commons  nature  heritage

摘要:

梁思成作为一名建筑学者，亦发展了关于“公园”的认知，并成为他在20世纪50年代初支持清华大学营建学系设立“造园组”的思想基础。但对其“公园”理念的研究仍付之阙如。通过分析其文章著述、报头设计，以及参与的社会活动、规划设计实践，揭示其“公园”认知的内容、特点与转变：1930年受《首都计划》的影响，形成了城市公园系统及城市分区规划中“公园”作为一种开放“公地”的理解，这一理解也体现在20世纪40年代初编纂《中国建筑史》时，对于中国历史上第一个“公园”的研究之中；20世纪40年代末，受西方城市规划中“有机性疏散”学说的影响，“公园”在“体形环境论”的理论框架中被明确为与建成环境相对、且应保存的“自然”空间；中华人民共和国成立后，通过学习“苏联经验”，其认知纳入城市遗产保护关切，“公园”被视为遗产保护的载体，而“公园”与“遗产”在城市尺度和场地尺度上扮演着等量齐观或主次有别的角色。总体而言，梁思成的“公园”理念以近代西方的公园概念为核心，同时拥有城市视野与历史眼光。对于中国风景园林学科而言，其“公园”理念是学科初创时期学理形态的一部分，也是如今学科进一步发展的历史参照。

Abstract:

Liang Sicheng, as an architectural scholar, also developed the notion of "public park". This became the basis of his support for establishing the "Division of Landscape Architecture" in the Department of Construction of Tsinghua University. However, there has been no study on his particular understanding of "public park". This research fills the gap through analyzing Liang's academic writing, header design, social activities and professional practices. In 1930, influenced by the Capital Plan, he looked upon "public park" as a kind of "common" in urban park system and urban zoning. This understanding was also reflected in the study of the first "public park" in Chinese history when compiling A History of Chinese Architecture in the early 1940s. In the late 1940, influenced by the theory of "organic evacuation" in Western urban planning, "public park" in Liang's theoretical framework of "Physical Environment" was defined as a "natural" space that should be preserved. After the founding of the new China, through learning from the "Soviet experiences", the concern about heritage conservation became integral to his understanding, in which "public park" was a means of heritage conservation, and "public park" and "heritage" played equal or primary and secondary roles at the urban or site scale. Overall, the Western concept of "public park" is central to Liang's understanding of "public park" with urban and historical perspectives. Liang's concept of "public park" was a part of the academic fundamentals upon the establishment of Chinese landscape architectural discipline, and also a historical resource for the contemporary development of the discipline.